@article {47,
	title = {Improving Access to New Treatments with Value Based Pricing: An Indian Perspective},
	journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Nov 2015},
	pages = {1-5},
	type = {Review Article},
	chapter = {1},
	abstract = {<p class="rtejustify">The last few years have witnessed significant changes in pharmaceutical pricing model across the world. These changes were driven primarily by payers in an attempt to control rising health care costs. As per the old concept of pharmaceutical pricing model, prices were determined by market forces with hardly any scrutiny by regulatory bodies. These old methods have given way to some of the newer concept such as the Value Based Pricing (VBP), Health Technology Assessment (HTA) and Health Outcomes Analysis (HOA). VBP is an innovative method of pricing medicines wherein both the payers and pharma companies agree to link payment for a medicine to value achieved i.e. actual observed in real-world performance. Pricing is based on willingness to pay or the perceived additional benefit of new drugs relative to established comparator therapies. Value based pricing results in improved patient outcomes and ensures consistent access to medicines. As a result, elements of VBP are commonly embraced in mature pharmaceutical markets viz. Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, South Korea, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom (beginning autumn 2014). However, regulators in India are lagging behind other countries in adopting elements of VBP in their pricing model. This review will discuss various aspects of VBP including its impact on health care system and patients; barriers to the use of VBP; and reasons for its absence in India.</p>
},
	keywords = {Health Outcomes, Health Technology Assessment, Pharmaceutical Pricing., Treatment Access, Value Based Pricing},
	doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.1.1},
	author = {Amit Dang and Shilpa Mendon and Pruthvi Desireddy}
}
@article {53,
	title = {Stratified Medicine: Will it be the Future of Medicine?},
	journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Nov 2015},
	pages = {11-14},
	type = {Review Article},
	chapter = {11},
	abstract = {<p class="rtejustify">The art of predicting the results of any drug treatment has always been a topic of interest among the scientific community across the globe. Many diseases have been attributed to gene defects, giving rise to a whole new field of pharmacogenomics within the domain of clinical pharmacology. Stratified medicine is the science of associating such diseases with genetic defects and predicting the efficacy or toxicity of a particular drug treatment. Advancements in this field have given hope to many patients suffering from malignancies and other diseases. For the clinicians, it provides guidance to effective management as opposed to the {\textquotedblleft}shooting in the dark{\textquotedblright} approach with empirical regimens. Stratified medicine has led to increased interaction between the pharmaceutical industry and the diagnostics industry, giving rise to the concept of codevelopement of drugs and diagnostics. This in turn has paved the way for better clinical trials and more cost effective drug development, thus bringing about far reaching changes in the pharmacoeconomics related to drug development. The article provides an overview of how stratified medicine got evolved and its current and future clinical implications. It also explains how {\textquotedblleft}companion diagnostics{\textquotedblright} play a crucial role in the success of stratified medicine along with its complex economics, pricing and reimbursement issues.</p>
},
	keywords = {Biomarkers, Companion diagnostics, Health Economics, Stratified Medicine},
	doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.1.3},
	author = {Amit Dang and Veena Shetye Angle}
}
