@article {238, title = {Accounting Management System in Pharmacy Practice: A New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {23-27}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {23}, abstract = {

Objectives: Accounting pharmacy practice is an old concept in pharmaceutical care. It has been updated by the Strategic Plan and is aligned with Saudi Vision 2030. This theme aims to explain accounting services in pharmacy operations as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The new project derived from national and international accounting organization standards and regulations. It was developed based on global business models, pharmacy project guidelines, and new project operating agency guidelines. A project management expert designs this initiative. This effort will consist of several phases, from the initial stage through the planning, execution, monitoring, and control phases. Results: A clear vision, mission, and financial goals are established in pharmacy operations. This service has many benefits, including cost control, business planning, and improved patient care. In addition, a description of the risk management model ensures project continuity. We also discussed monitoring and controlling services. Finally, the analysis looks at the transition to a production project through the final stages of the project. Conclusion: Accounting in pharmacy operations is a new initiative that should be part of the pharmacy strategic plan under Saudi Vision 2030. Accounting in pharmacy operations requires a clear vision and policy and a long-term partnership with the accounting organization. In addition, accounting in pharmacy operations plays a crucial role in developing an appropriate pharmacist career plan focused on patient care, optimal cost control, and practical accounting management.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Initiative, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {241, title = {Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern; Errors Perspective in Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {34-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {34}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the medication error in prescribing antibiotics in primary health care centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of antibiotics prescribing errors of randomly selected twenty-five primary health care centers in Riyadh city. One month{\textquoteright}s prescription had been reviewed. The expert pharmacist revised the prescription and documented the errors. The medication error form of MOH had been used to document the errors. Results: During the study period, 18,031 prescriptions were recorded in all the included study settings. Of the total prescriptions, 3,879 (21.51\%) contained antibiotics and were included in the current study. Of the total prescriptions, 1388 (35.78\%) prescriptions detected medication errors were analyzed in the current study. The most errors detected in the prescription were height not written 1388 (100\%), followed by diagnosis not found 535 (38.54\%), and body weight not written 492 (35.45\%). The antibiotics errors occurred with pediatrics and adolescents \< or = 20 years 673 (50.08\%) and adults \> 20 years with 671(49.92\%) with statically significant differences between all medication error types within pediatrics and adults (p=0.000). The errors identified mainly were related to inappropriate drug selection that occurred in 748 (53.9\%) of the prescriptions, followed by low therapeutic dose 277 (20.0\%) and dose frequency 175 (12.6\%), with statistically significant differences between all types (p=0.000). The most Medications with errors were Amoxicillin 576 (41.5\%), Amoxicillin/clavulanate 277 (28.1\%), Fucidic Acid 123 (8.9\%), and Azithromycin 116 (8.4\%). Conclusion: One-third of primary healthcare centers prescriptions contained antibiotics and had at least one error. The most errors related to demographic information and most prescribed antibiotics at primary healthcare centers. Targeting electronic prescribing systems and implementing stewardship antimicrobial programs at primary healthcare centers are highly suggested.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Medication error, Prescribing, Primary health care center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.6}, author = {Zainab Ibrahim Albahouth and Samia Zaben Almurshadi and Nawaf Marzog Alotibi and Faisal Mushabab Alqhtani and Ibtisam Nasser Altamimi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {235, title = {Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern: Pharmacy Staff Knowledge about Antibiotics at Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {1-10}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare pharmacy staff knowledge of the rational use of antibiotics at primary health care centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Self-administered Questionnaires were distributed to fifty-six pharmacy staff (pharmacists and pharmacy technicians) from randomly selected twentyfive primary health care centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire included demographic information and 14 closed-ended questions about the rational usage of antibiotics. Results: All the fiftysix pharmacy staff responded to the survey with a response rate of 100\%. The responders consisted of having a Diploma in pharmacy (28 (50\%)), a Bachelor{\textquoteright}s in pharmacy (27 (48.2\%)), and one (1.8\%) postgraduated pharmacist. Most pharmacy technicians were female, 18 (32.1\%) vs. 10 (17.9\%) male, with non-statistically significant differences between them (p=0.131), while the pharmacists were female 22 (39.3\%) vs. male 5 (8.9\%) with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.001). There is insufficient knowledge of the rational use of antibiotics among pharmacy technicians and pharmacists respondents. All pharmacy technicians and pharmacists in the study knew that antibiotics are mainly used for bacterial infections. However, many pharmacy technician and pharmacist participants did not know that antibiotics are ineffective for viral and fungal infections (25\% and 14.3\% for pharmacy technicians, respectively) vs. (16.1, and 17.9\% for pharmacists, respectively). There was no difference in the mean knowledge of antibiotic prescription among respondents, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacists. Furthermore, the respondents had no statistically different knowledge regarding age, gender, and working experience (p\>0.05). However, the age factor might play a significant role in antibiotics knowledge for pharmacy technicians only. Conclusion: The primary health care centers Pharmacy staff (pharmacy technicians and pharmacists){\textquoteright} knowledge of antibiotics rational usages was insufficient. Targeting training and educating about antibiotics generally emphasize antimicrobial resistance risks are highly recommended.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Knowledge, Pharmacy, Primary Healthcare Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.1}, author = {Zainab Albahouth and Samia Zaben Almurshadi and Hind Nasser Altamimi and Tarfah Sultan Binjerais and Abdulaziz Hussain Alhussain and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {243, title = {Drug Review: Eflapegrastim}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {52-53}, type = {Drug Review}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Registrations: It had been registered in the following countries United States of America (USA), United Kingdom (U.K.), Canada, and Saudi Arabia (S.A.) Trade name (USA); ROLVEDON Registration number (S.A.); Not Available. Insurance Drug Formulary (S.A.); Not covered (29.1.2023). General Information: Registered Company: Spectrum Pharmaceuticals. Regulatory Status: R.X. Mechanism of Action: A recombinant human granulocyte growth factor activates signaling pathways that affect cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and survival by binding to G-CSF receptors on myeloid progenitor cells and neutrophils.\  Read more...

}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.8}, author = {Juman Alsaab} } @article {237, title = {Drug Review: Tirzepatide}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {20-22}, type = {Drug Review}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Registrations: Tirzepatide has been registered in the following countries United States of America (USA), United Kingdom (U.K.), Canada, Saudi Arabia (S.A.). Trade name (USA): MOUNJARO Registration number (S.A.); Not Available. Insurance Drug Formulary (S.A.); Not covered (28.1.2023). General Information: Registered Company: Lilly USA. Regulatory Status: R.X. Mechanism of Action: Tirzepatide is a Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) receptor and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. It is a 39-amino acid-modified peptide containing a C20 fatty diacid component that facilitates albumin binding and increases the halflife. Tirzepatide preferentially binds to and activates GIP and GLP- 1 receptors, hence targeting endogenous GIP and GLP. Tirzepatide increases the first and second phases of insulin secretion and decreases glucagon levels in a glucose-dependent manner. Tirzepatide reduces fasting and postprandial glucose levels, food consumption, and body weight in people with type 2 diabetes. Indication: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.3}, author = {Juman Alsaab} } @article {248, title = {Drug Review: Vonoprazan}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {71-72}, type = {Drug Review}, chapter = {71}, abstract = {

Registrations: It had been registered in the following countries: United States of America (USA), United Kingdom (UK), Canada, and Saudi Arabia (SA.) USA, and Japan. Trade name (USA); VOQUEZNA Registration number (SA); Not available. Insurance Drug Formulary (SA); Not available. General Information: Registered Company: Pathom Pharmaceutics. Regulatory Status: RX. Mechanism of Action: Vonoprazan Potassium-competitive acid blocker (PCAB); inhibition in a potassiumcompetitive manner the H+, K+-ATPase enzyme system. Ampicillin derivative penicillin-binding proteins and cell wall inhibitor. Clarithromycin reversibly binds to the P site of 50S ribosomal subunit as macrolide antimicrobial; and inhibits RNA-dependent protein synthesis by stimulating the peptidyl t-RNA dissociation from ribosomes.\  Read more...

}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.12}, author = {Juman Alsaab} } @article {244, title = {Financial Management System in Pharmacy Practice: A New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {54-58}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {54}, abstract = {

Objectives: Financial pharmacy operations are integral in pharmacy management. It is necessary for strategic planning and aligns with Saudi Vision 2030. This theme aims to illustrate financial services in pharmacy operations as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: Local and international accounting and finance organizations are driving this new project. It has been developed based on global business models, guidelines for pharmacy projects, and new guidelines for project operators. A project management expert designs this initiative. This effort will consist of several phases, from the initial stage through the planning, execution, monitoring, and control phases. Results: A pharmacy operation has a clear vision, mission, and financial goals. This service has many benefits, including increased profitability, effective financial management, and better patient care. In addition, a description of the risk management model ensures project continuity. We also discussed monitoring and controlling services. Finally, the analysis considers the transition to a production project up to the project{\textquoteright}s final phase. Conclusion: Pharmacy Operations Finance is a new initiative that should be part of the Saudi Vision 2030 Pharmacy Strategic Plan. Pharmacy finance requires a clear vision, guidelines, and longterm partnerships with financial institutions. In addition, financial aspects in pharmacy operations are critical to developing a proper pharmacist career plan focused on patient care, optimal profitability, and effective financial management

}, keywords = {Financial g, Initiative, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia., Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {246, title = {Levetiracetam-Induced Urination and Urinary Frequency in Pediatrics. A Case Report}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {59-61}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {59}, abstract = {

Objectives: Levetiracetam (LEV) is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug used in children and adults. The use of LEV is associated with behavioral abnormalities as adverse drug reactions. However, it might increase the frequency of urination as an adverse effect, which has not been observed or reported previously in Saudi Arabia. It is a description of the unusual side effects of levetiracetam. Methodology: A case report of three patients aged 6, 5 and 6 years, respectively. They were diagnosed with epilepsy and treated with levetiracetam. After LEV treatment, all three cases experienced increased urinary frequency and incontinence. Results: The Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale was applied on the three cases and was found to be possibly related in two cases to LEV therapy and probably related in one. We reduced the dose in one patient, and the side effects improved to half. Moreover, it was resolved after discontinuation of the medication. In the other two cases, the side effect resolved on its own. It was reported in the literature that 2 cases had urinary frequency after starting on levetiracetam and improved after reducing the dose and switching to other medication. Conclusion: LEV might induce an increase in the frequency of urination. It was an under-reported issue and should be addressed as a transient adverse drug reaction effect. However, it can strongly affect compliance with medication. Therefore, clinicians should be attentive and look exclusively for this symptom to educate the families during follow-up visits.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction., Daytime incontinence, Levetiracetam, Urgency, Urinary frequency}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.10}, author = {Manar Bayounis and Nouf Al-Assadi} } @article {247, title = {Perceptions and Attitudes about the Voluntary/Charitable Pharmaceutical Care Services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {62-70}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {62}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the pharmacist perception of voluntary or charitable pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed Pharmacist perception of voluntary or charitable pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, The Perception of voluntary or charitable pharmacies, and barriers, which factors may Discourage you from implementing voluntary or charitable pharmacy. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. The data analysis of the pharmacist knowledge of charity pharmacies is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 578 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, one-third responded from the Central region (180 (31.14\%)), and one Quarter responded from the western region (140 (24.22\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (373 (64.53\%)) versus 205 (35.47\%)), with statistically significant differences among gender (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 35-44 years (155 (26.82\%)), age group 25-34 years (144 (24.91\%)), age group 45-54 years (126 (21.80\%)), and with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average score of perception of pharmacists about the Charity pharmacy was (3.69). The element {\textquotedblleft}I am willing to implementation of the charity pharmacy{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.90). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}I am getting the clinical outcome for the patient from charity pharmacy{\textquotedblright} (3.78). The average score of perception of pharmacists about factors that may (Discourage) you from participating in the charity pharmacy was (3.46). The element {\textquotedblleft}the charity pharmacy Should not be mandatory{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.57). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}There is not periodic training of medical staff about charity pharmacy{\textquotedblright} (3.52).

}, keywords = {Attitudes, Charitable, Perceptions, Pharmaceutical Care, Saudi Arabia., Services, Voluntary}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {249, title = {Virtual Clinical Pharmacy Services: A New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {73-76}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Objectives: The Virtual clinical pharmacy services were created to align with Saudi Vision 2030. This topic aims to declare the Virtual clinical pharmacy services as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This new project is driven by local and international virtual pharmaceutical care services. It was formulated from guidelines of pharmacy projects, the international business model, and management institution guidelines for the new project. Project management professionals draft this initiative, consisting of several stages, from the initial until planning phases, execution, monitoring, and control stages. Results: Virtual clinical pharmacy services include electronic mediation history review, mediation reconciliation, medication safety, therapeutic guidelines implementation, pharmacist intervention, patient counseling, research and development. Furthermore, the risk management model description ensures the project{\textquoteright}s continuation. Besides, the monitoring and control of the services were declared. Finally, the analysis investigates the transition to the operation project through the closing project stage. Conclusion: Virtual clinical pharmacy services are a new initiative fit with Saudi Vision 2030. Virtual clinical pharmacy services education requires a clear vision, policy and procedures, and long-term patient satisfaction with services. Virtual clinical pharmacy services may be essential in developing an appropriate clinical pharmacy career plan focusing on virtual patient care to achieve targeted drug therapy management, prevent drug-related mortality and morbidity, and avoid burden costs on the healthcare system.

}, keywords = {Clinic, Clinical, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia., Virtual}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Asma Mohammed Alzahrani and Haifa Shabeeb Almutairi and Tahani Mohammed Alotaibi and Mona Yousef Lubbad and Nouf Abdurazaq Alhaza and Raghad Maluoh Alanazi}, editor = {Nouf Musleh Alassadi} } @article {239, title = {Virtual Pediatrics Medication Counseling Clinic: A New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Objectives: The virtual pediatric medication counseling clinics were created to align with Saudi Vision2030. This topic aims to declare the virtual pediatric medicine education clinic services as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This new project is driven by local and international virtual pharmaceutical care services. It was formulated from guidelines of pharmacy projects, the international business model, , and management institution guidelines for the new project. Project management professionals draft this initiative, consisting of several stages, from the initial until planning phases, execution, monitoring, and control stages. Results: Virtual pediatric medicine counseling clinics consist of medication history reviews, medication reconciliation, patient education, medication safety, research and development, and patient satisfaction. Furthermore, the risk management model description ensures the project{\textquoteright}s continuation. Besides, the monitoring and control of the services were declared. Finally, the analysis investigates the transition to the operation project through the closing project stage. Conclusion: Virtual pediatric medication counseling clinics are a new initiative in the general strategic plan with Saudi Vision 2030. Virtual pediatric medicine education clinic requires a clear vision, policy and procedures, and long-term patient service satisfaction. Virtual pediatric medication counseling clinics may be essential in developing an appropriate pharmacy professional plan focusing on patient care to achieve targeted therapeutic management, prevent drug-related problems, and avoid unnecessary costs.

}, keywords = {Counseling, Education, Medication, Saudi Arabia., Virtual Pediatric}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.5}, author = {Nouf Musleh Alassadi and Asma Mohammed Alzahrani and Haifa Shabeeb Almutairi and Tahani Mohammed Alotaibi and Mona Yousef Lubbad and Nouf Abdurazaq Alhaza and Raghad Maluoh Alanazi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {236, title = {Voluntary/Charitable Pharmaceutical Care Knowledge in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {11-19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge about voluntary or charitable pharmaceutical care in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey discussing pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge about voluntary or charitable pharmaceutical care services in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and general information about charity pharmacy practice, pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about voluntary or charitable pharmaceutical care services, and voluntary or charitable pharmacy practice resources. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. The data analysis of the pharmacist knowledge of charity pharmacies is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 578 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Onehalf of the responders knew about pharmacy volunteering activities 230 (57.09\%). Most pharmacists did not participate in the volunteering activities because they did not have time for it 197 (41.21\%), they did not need it 141 (29.50\%), and they did not take any educational or training 120 (25.10\%), or volunteering activities is difficult to understand 105 (21.97\%). Less than one-half of responders only know where to go if they want to participate in Charity Pharmacy at their work 243 (42.26\%) or participate in Charity Pharmacy outside their work 259 (44.97\%). The average score of level knowledge of the pharmacy volunteer was (3.44). The element {\textquotedblleft}Vision and mission of Charity Pharmacy{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.81). The average score of the level information of the resources about charity pharmacies was (3.52). The resources of the {\textquotedblleft}Governmental sector{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.71), followed by {\textquotedblleft}General medical or health society{\textquotedblright} (3.59). Conclusion: The average knowledge of pharmacy professionals of charitable pharmaceuticals care services was insufficient. Therefore, targeting awareness and training programs about charitable pharmacy services is highly suggested to improve learning and participation in the future.

}, keywords = {Charitable, Knowledge, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmacist, Saudi Arabia., Voluntary}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {242, title = {Voluntary/Charitable Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {44-51}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the pharmacist practice of the voluntary or charitable pharmacy in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the Pharmacist practice of voluntary or charitable pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and Pharmacy charity general practice, the practice of voluntary or charitable in various sectors. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closedended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6, had been done with the study. The data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of charity pharmacies is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 578 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, one-third responded from the Central region (180 (31.14\%)), and one Quarter responded from the western region (140 (24.22\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (373 (64.53\%)) versus 205 (35.47\%)), with statistically significant differences among gender (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 35-44 years (155 (26.82\%)), age group 25-34 years (144 (24.91\%)), age group 45-54 years (126 (21.80\%)), and with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Less than one-half of the responders, Always, 251 (43.65\%), or sometimes 130 (22.61\%), participated as pharmacy volunteers before, with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). Most pharmacists participate in pharmacy volunteer More than once a week, 260 (45.45\%), or 129 (22.55\%) a few times a year. Most of the responders participated in pharmacy charity for getting paradise 338 (59.61\%), Improved their CV 283 (49.91\%), and met their attractive 232 (49.91\%). The majority of pharmacists prefer to participate as pharmacy volunteers during Disaster period 400 (70.03\%), Ramadan time 368 (64.11\%), regular days 363 (63.24\%), and Hajj period 322 (56.10\%). Conclusion: The charitable pharmacy practice by pharmacy practitioners was inadequate. The majority of pharmacy providers spend little time annually practicing charitable pharmacy activities and prefer to participate during disasters, the holy month of Ramadan, and the Hajj period. Therefore, awareness of charitable pharmacy practice is essential to improve pharmacy participation in the future.

}, keywords = {Charitable, Charity, Pharmacist, Pharmacy Practice, Saudi Arabia., Voluntary}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {217, title = {Cost Analysis of Combined Emergency and Outpatient Pharmacy Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {19-25}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to declare the cost of combined outpatient and emergency pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional questionnairebased study. We used an electronic survey with a judgment sampling system to obtain responses. The structured questionnaire consisted of two parts written in English and Arabic. The first part collected demographic information of the responders based on multiple-choice questions. The second part contains questions for measuring the personal cost, overhead cost for the place, and the equipment used for pharmaceutical services in the combined outpatient and emergency pharmacy, the cost of purchased materials and supplies, and non-salary cost. All costs used US dollar currency. The data were collected through the SurveyMonkey system and analyzed via Microsoft Excel version 2020. Results: The total of judgment responders was nine directors of pharmacy. For more than six years, most pharmacy directors had experience in an emergency pharmacy, outpatient pharmacy, and pharmacy administration. A total of 100{\textendash}199 occupational beds were present (33.33\%), followed by \<50 beds (22.22\%) and 400{\textendash}499 beds (22.22\%). The total daily cost of combined OPD pharmacy and emergency services was (2336.01) USD, whereas the daily cost of OPD pharmacy was (1424.97) USD. Therefore, the daily cost of emergency pharmacy services was (911.04) USD. The majority of the daily cost for combined OPD pharmacy and emergency services came from personal cost of (1526.68) USD (65.35\%) and overhead cost of (695.39) USD (29.77\%). The cost of preparation and dispensing at OPD pharmacy was (13.32) USD, which is the average cost per medication dispensed from OPD pharmacy. In comparison, the preparation and dispensing cost at the emergency pharmacy was 5.2 USD, the average cost per medication. Conclusion: This study explored the cost analysis of combined OPD and emergency pharmacy services. Therefore, we highly recommend reducing the daily cost of pharmacy services needed to implement new ambulatory care and emergency activities or Saudi Managed Care Pharmacy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Combined, Cost, Emergency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabi, Outpatient, Pharmacy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.3}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Asma Saqer Alamri and Raghad Abdulaziz Alasmari and Bandar Awwadh Alosaimi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {216, title = {Cost Analysis of Individual Outpatient and Emergency Pharmacy Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {12-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the cost of Individual outpatient and emergency pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a descriptive analysis crosssectional and questionnaire-based study. We used an electronic survey questionnaire with a judgment sampling system to obtain responses. The structured questionnaire consisted of two parts written in English and Arabic. The first part collected the demographic information of the responders based on multiple-choice questions. The second part contained questions for measuring the personal cost, including the salary cost of a head of ambulatory care or outpatient pharmacist, a clinical pharmacist working at ambulatory care, pharmacist and pharmacy technician, and secretary and porter per hour. The cost was calculated for the preparation time of each medication. The total costs of the place{\textquoteright}s overhead cost and cost of equipment used for the outpatient and emergency pharmacy services. Furthermore, the purchased materials and supplies and the non-salary cost were calculated. All costs were used in the US dollar currency. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Microsoft Excel version 2020. Results: The total of judgment responders was six directors of pharmacy. Five were responsible for outpatient pharmacy services, and one was responsible for emergency pharmacy. The majority of the outpatient and emergency pharmacy directors had work experience as pharmacy administrators for more than four years. The total cost of outpatient pharmacy services was 1581.95 USD, whereas the cost of emergency pharmacy services was 729.86 USD. The majority of the cost came from personnel cost from the outpatient pharmacy (1288.15 USD, 81.43\%) followed by emergency pharmacy (465.28 USD, 63.75\%) and material and supply cost (205 USD, 13.01\%) at the outpatient pharmacy and emergency pharmacy services (228.89 USD, 31.36\%). Conclusion: This study conducted the cost analysis of separate outpatient and emergency pharmacy services. Standardized pharmacy administrative and clinical activities are required, and we recommend more additional studies with a large sample size in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cost, Emergency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Outpatient, Pharmacy, Separate}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.2}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Raghad Abdulaziz Alasmari and Asma Saqer Alamri and Bandar Awwadh Alosaimi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {218, title = {Cost Analysis of Separate Location of Emergency and Ambulatory Care Pharmacy Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {37-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the cost of separated locations of emergency and outpatient pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a descriptive, crosssectional, and questionnaire-based study. We used an electronic survey with a judgment sampling system to obtain responses. The structured questionnaire consisted of two parts written in English and Arabic languages. The first part collected demographic information of the respondents based on multiple-choice questions. The second part contains questions for measuring the personal cost, the salary of outpatient supervisor, the clinical pharmacist working at outpatient, pharmacist and pharmacy technician, secretary and Porter per hour, in addition to the cost calculation preparation time of each medication, the total prices of the overhead cost for the place, and cost of all equipment used for the emergency services. Furthermore, the cost of purchased materials and supplies plus non-salary cost. Face and content validation had been done through an expert reviewer. In addition, a pilot study was conducted by sending the questionnaire to some hospitals to confirm the validity of the questionnaire and the absence of incomprehensible or misleading questions. Data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Microsoft Excel software version 2020. Results: The total of judgment responders was 14 directors of pharmacy. Most pharmacy directors experienced emergency pharmacy, outpatient pharmacy, and pharmacy administrators six years and above. OPD pharmacy services{\textquoteright} total cost was (3509.64 USD) while the emergence pharmacy services were (1068.02 USD). The majority of the cost came from personal cost from OPD pharmacy 2542.63 USD (72.45\%) vs. emergency pharmacy 826.4 USD (77.36\%), and overhead cost 656.01 USD (18.69\%) at OPD pharmacy while 144.93 USD (13.57\%\%) emergency pharmacy. Conclusion: The cost analysis of nonintegrated outpatient pharmacies and emergency services was high. Therefore, we highly recommend implementing new clinical pharmacy activities or switching to the Saudi managed care pharmacy model in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ambulatory care, Cost, Emergency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Pharmacy, Separated}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.5}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Bandar Awwadh Alosaimi and Raghad Abdulaziz Alasmari and Asma Saqer Alamri and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {214, title = {Perception of Pharmacists about Scientific Publications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {01-11}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {01}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the perception of pharmacists about scientific publications in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted to explore the perception of pharmacists about scientific publications in Saudi Arabia. We used a selfreported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to interns to consultants, and pharmacy specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information of the responders, their perception of scientific publications, and barriers preventing them from participating in pharmacy scientific publications. In addition, we requested their suggestions on how to stimulate their interest in pharmacy publications. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed with the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: The average score for the perception of pharmacists about scientific publications was 3.74. The highest score (3.33) was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist understands the pharmacy publication and pharmacy publications terminology.{\textquotedblright} The score for the element {\textquotedblleft}pharmacist believes that pharmacy publications are essential for the pharmacist{\textquotedblright} was (3.97). According to our results, the pharmacists are interested in working on a pharmacy publications project. The average score for the barriers that prevent pharmacists from participating in pharmacy scientific publication was (3.76). The high score for the element {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist believes that the daily activities prevent me from doing pharmacy publication as there is lack of interest and motivation{\textquotedblright} was 3.88. The score for the element {\textquotedblleft}pharmacist considers that pharmacy publications are essential for the pharmacist{\textquotedblright} was (3.85). The average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}suggestions to stimulate interest in pharmacy publications{\textquotedblright} was (3.40). The highest score was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist believes that teaching undergraduate students about pharmacy publications should be an integral part of the practice{\textquotedblright} was (3.68). The score for {\textquotedblleft}creating awareness about pharmacy practice-based pharmacy publications and benefits to practice{\textquotedblright} was (3.58). The score for the single-test reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was (0.905), Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α was (0.908), Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was (0.923), Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was (0.981), and greater lower bound was (0.993). Conclusion: The perception of pharmacists about scientific publication was found to be inadequate to fair. Therefore, removing the obstacles such as high workload and encouraging pharmacy staff to publish should improve the perception of performance publications in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Perception, Pharmacists, Publications Saudi Arabia, Scientific}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Juman saad Mohammad Alsaab and Razan Alshehri and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {230, title = {Perception of Pharmacists About the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Exam}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {113-122}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Objectives: Researching the perceptions of standardized licensure examinations in the pharmaceutical sector is vital to measure key pharmacy competence and skills assessment of entry-level pharmacists. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to explore the perceptions of the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Exam (SPLE) in improving pharmacy practice in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) by focusing on the experiences and attitudes pharmacy workers had regarding SPLE pharmacy standards and factors associated with passing the exam. Results: The data for this study was collected through a survey and analyzed using the survey monkey systems and the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS). The study used a sample size of 701 participants statistically calculated with a 95\% CI, 1.96 z score, and 5\% margin error. The study found low scores (M=2.77, p=.001) in the perceptions of SPLE in assessing entry-level pharmacists-related skills, attitudes, and knowledge that increase graduates{\textquoteright} readiness for pharmacy practice. Location, gender, marital status, age, experience years, income, GPA results, and the number of SPLE admissions affected SPLE perception and passing rates. Conclusion: The pharmacist believed that the current Saudi Pharmacy Licensure Examination (SPLE) is required. However, the recent licensure examination does not adequately measure the general pharmacy practice competencies and skills relevant to entry-level pharmacist practice. Furthermore, it was not adequately prepared for clinical pharmacy practice competencies or internal pharmacy board exams. Therefore, it is necessitating targeted keep to dates changes of pharmacy practice in its format to introduce competency standards that measure entry-level skills efficiency continuously.

}, keywords = {Competency, Exam, Licensure, Perceptions, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nahed Rashid Alyami and Fatma Faiz Alasmari and Seham Abed Almehmadi and Juman Alsaab and Shumukh Saleh Al Thubaiti and Raghad Abdullah Ali Alghamdi} } @article {221, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Basic Hygiene for Pharmacy Staff}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {46-56}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims at declaring the Hand Hygiene (HH) and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) policy and procedures as a new initiative for Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) for the pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a narrative review of pharmacy infection control. A literature search was performed using various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, about specific topics related to infection control in pharmacy practice. The search period was from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms searched were in English and included narrative review, systemic review, meta-analysis, and guidelines. terms Policies and procedures for the last 10 years across all hospitals or community pharmacy services were included in the search terms. The research team of the pharmacy infection control consist of various expert members including clinical pharmacists, community pharmacists, and infection control specialists. One member drafted the policy. Some member reviewed the draft policy and corrected it. The other member, who is an infection control specialist, revised last draft. The topic emphasizes on the adoption and practices of the policies and procedures on hand hygiene (HH) and personal protective equipment (PPE) for the pharmacy infection prevention and control. Results: The hand hygiene and personal protective equipment policy of pharmacy infection prevention control consist of various items, including steps of hand hygiene and proper donning and doffing sequences of the PPE during pharmacy performances. Conclusion: The policies and procedures related to hand hygiene and personal protective equipment are the foundations of pharmacy infection control and control. Implementation and practices of HH and PPE aims at the prevention and control Healthcare wirh ephazaized on pharmacy staff related Infections, which in lieu, improve patient safety Therefore, hand hygiene and personal protective equipment policy is recommended for all pharmacy settings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hand hygiene, Infection control, Personal protective equipment, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Maha Hussein Almadany and Fatimah Abdaziz Almana and Ebtissam Mohammad Badawoud and Fahad Khurshid} } @article {229, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Education and Training}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {105-112}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {105}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the Education and Training policy of pharmacy infection control as a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a narrative review of pharmacy infection control. The literature search was done using databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, about specific pharmacy practice infection control policies and procedures. The search time was from the 1960s to October 2021. The topic was in English and included narrative review, meta-analysis, systemic review, and guidelines across all hospitals and community pharmacy services. Moreover, the national and international guidelines of general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee formulated and consisted of various experts, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and infection control specialists. Some authors drafted the policy and procedures, and others reviewed and corrected them. The additional author, an infection control specialist, revised the final document. The study emphasizes the Pharmacy infection control policy of Research Education and Training. Results: The Pharmacy Infection control Education and Training policy consisted of various items, including program objectives, admission requirements, teaching and education methodology, and Pharmacy infection control Education and Training steps in pharmacy practice. The education and training contained five models. Namely hand hygiene and personal protective equipment, environment and workplace, employment immunization and occupational safety, pharmacy wastage and spill cleaning, pharmacoepidemiology with a pharmacy infection control surveillance, and pharmacy infection control quality management. Each model described Module description, Learning Objectives, Module Outlines, and Competency items. Conclusion: The pharmacy infection control policy of Research Education and Training is a new initiative for pharmacy career professionals. The Pharmacy infection control Education and Training pharmacy policy aims to improve infection control skills and encourage pharmacists{\textquoteright} compliance with infection control regulations in different places in the public and healthcare organizations. Therefore, education and training in pharmacy infection control policy are necessary for the pharmaceutical care services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Education, Infection control, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia, Training}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Maha Hussein Almadany and Bader Abdullah Alqannass and Eman Elsayed Younis and Rehab Ahmed Al Noaimi and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi} } @article {222, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Environmental and Workplace Policy}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {57-68}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {57}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to illustrate pharmacy infection control environmental and workplace policy as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a narrative review. It relates to pharmacy infection Prevention and control. The following databases were searched for literature review-medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Topics were explored in line with the objectives of the study. The period of the search was from 1960 to October 2021. The search language was English. The literature search included narrative review, systemic review, meta-analysis, and related guidelines. The search also included policies related to hospitals as well as community pharmacy services. A research team was formed. It included clinical pharmacists, expert pharmacists, and infection control specialists. The policy was drafted by the some authors. The other pharmacists were vested with the responsibility of reviewing the draft. The infection control specialist reviewed issues related to the field of its specialty. The review highlighted pharmacy environmental Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) and workplace policies and procedures. Results: The environmental and workplace policies of pharmacy infection control consisted of various items. For example, policies regarding the handling of carpet and furniture, clothes, water and solutions, air handling systems, sinks and toilet, and the kitchen. In addition to the maintenance of sterile and nonsterile compounding areas, the point of dispensing at ambulatory care services, drug distribution at inpatient pharmacy, and the types of disinfectants to be used, including their indications and safety. Conclusion: Environmental and workplace policies and procedures are new initiatives for Pharmacy Infection Prevention and Control (PIPC) in Saudi Arabia. Such initiatives would keep the preparation of medication and dispensing area clean and sterile by preventing the growth of any bacteria or any other microorganisms. The quality of safe drug dispensing and patient safety are being ensured too. Therefore, environmental and workplace policies are highly recommended for implementation in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Environment, Infection control, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Workplace}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.8}, author = {Dr. Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Maha Hussein Almadany and Fatimah Abdaziz Almana and Nora Saeed Alsolami} } @article {224, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Pharmacoepidemiology and infection control surveillance}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {77-83}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {77}, abstract = {

Objectives: Pharmacoepidemiology and infection control surveillance is an initiative that provides insights into pharmacy infection control. It involves various guidelines and policies that must be followed to ensure the pharmacy environment and workplace are secured from infections. Different approaches have been considered for the measures to be effective. Documentation of pharmacy practices in every area of the pharmacy department is vital in controlling the pharmacy infections. This study aimed to explore the pharmacoepidemiology and infection control surveillance policy in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a narrative review of pharmacoepidemiology and infection control surveillance pharmacy practice. Litterateur searched. A literature search was performed using various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, about specific pharmacy practice infection control policies and procedures. The search period was from the 1960s until October 2021. The terms were in English and included narrative review, systemic review, metaanalysis, and guidelines across all hospitals and community pharmacy services. Moreover, the national and international guidelines of were searched that relates to the study objectives. The committee of pharmacy research formulated and consisted of various experts, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and infection control specialists. Some authors drafted the policy guidelines, and others reviewed and corrected them. The additional author, an infection control specialist, revised the final document. The study emphasizes the pharmacoepidemiology and infection control surveillance of the Pharmacy infection control policy. Results: The Pharmacoepidemiology and infection control surveillance policy consisted of pharmacoepidemiology and infection control surveillance steps in pharmacy practice. The pharmacoepidemiology and infection control surveillance contained multiple performances: infected prepared medications, type of bugs, and sensitivity patterns to medications. In addition to the number of spillage cleaning and needle-stick injuries, the number of cross-tarnsmission of infections. Besides, the search also included adherence to infection control guidelines. Conclusion: Pharmacoepidemiology and infection control surveillance policy is a new pharmacy infection prevention and control initiative. The pharmacoepidemiology and infection control surveillance policy enhances the infection control documentation system. Additionally, it encourages pharmacists to follow infection prevention and control regulations in various locations throughout the public and healthcare systems. Therefore, pharmacoepidemiology and infection control surveillance policies strongly recommend Saudi Arabian pharmacy pratices.

}, keywords = {Control, Infection, Pharmacoepidemiology, Pharmacy, Surveillance}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.10}, author = {Dr. Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Nahed Rashid Alyami and Maha Hussein Almadany and Fatimah Abdaziz Almana} } @article {225, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Quality Perspective}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {84-91}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {84}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aimed to declare the total quality management of infection control policy in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a narrative review of pharmacy infection control. The literature search was performed using various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, about specific pharmacy practice infection control policies and procedures. The search period was from the 1960s until October 2021. The terms were in English and included narrative review, systemic review, meta-analysis, and guidelines across all hospitals and community pharmacy services. The national and international guidelines in hospital practice guide pharmacy infection control activities. The committee of pharmacy research formulated and consisted of various experts, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and infection control specialists. Some authors drafted the policy guidelines, and the others author reviewed and corrected them. An infection control specialist revised the final document. The study emphasizes the quality management of pharmacy infection control policies and procedures. Results: The quality management of the pharmacy infection control policy consisted of various items, including quality management steps in pharmacy infection control. The quality management of pharmacy infection control policy contained five models, namely, patient care, research skills, communication, professionalism, and continuous professional development. Each model has various activities, key performance indicators, and optimal targets per indicator. Conclusion: The quality management of pharmacy infection control policy is a new initiative aimed at improving the quality of care provided. The quality management of infection control policy is aimed to improve the efficiency of infection control in pharmaceutical care services at various locations in the public and healthcare organizations. Therefore, the quality management of infection control policy is highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals worldwide.

}, keywords = {Infection control, Pharmacy, Policy, Quality management, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.11}, author = {Dr. Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Maha Hussein Almadany and Fatimah Abdaziz Almana} } @article {223, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Staff Immunization and Occupational Infections}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {69-76}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {69}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aimed to declare pharmacy infection control concerning the staff immunization and occupational infections policy as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a narrative review of pharmacy infection control. The literature search was performed using various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, about specific topics related to infection control in pharmacy practice. The search period was from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms searched were in English and included narrative review, systemic review, meta-analysis, and guidelines. The terms {\textquotedblright}Policies{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}Procedures{\textquotedblright} were limited to the last 10 years across all hospitals, and community pharmacy services were included in the search terms. The committee of pharmacy infection control consisted of various expert members, including clinical pharmacists, community pharmacists, and infection control specialists. The first members drafted the policy. The second members reviewed the draft policy and corrected it. Finally, the third members, an infection control specialist, revised the draft. The topic emphasizes staff immunization policies and procedures and occupational safety for pharmacy infection control. Results: The staff immunization and occupational safety policy of pharmacy infection control consisted of various items, and it included instructions for adult{\textquoteright}s vaccines for pharmacy staff and interns, the adult{\textquoteright}s vaccines needed for a particular condition, immunization for occupational infections, and work restriction for infected pharmacy personal. Conclusion: The policies and procedures related to staff immunization and occupational safety are new initiatives in pharmacy practice. It is an active measurement for preventing various infectious diseases among pharmacy personnel. Therefore, staff immunization and safety related to occupational infections policy is the foundation of pharmacy human resources in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Immunization, Infection control, Occupational infections, Occupational safety, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Staff}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.9}, author = {Dr. Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Randa Jaroudi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Elaf Mohamaf Faraj and Fatimah Abdaziz Almana} } @article {227, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Wastages and Spill Cleaning}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {92-98}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Objective: In this study, we aimed to illustrate pharmacy infection control wastages and spill cleaning policy as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This narrative review of pharmacy infection control emphasizes wastages and spill cleaning. A literature search was done using various databases containing PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. About specific pharmacy practice infection control policies and procedures. The search time was from the 1960s to October 2021. The topic was English, including narrative review, systemic review, meta-analysis, and guidelines across hospitals and community pharmacy services. Moreover, the national and international guidelines of general research in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy research formulated and consisted of various experts, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and infection control specialists. The first author drafted the policy guidelines, and the second author reviewed and corrected them. The third author, an infection control specialist, revised the final document. The study emphasizes policy and procedures related to wastage and spill cleaning for pharmacy infection control. Results: The wastages and spill cleaning policy of pharmacy infection control consisted of various items, including the types of pharmacy wastages (biohazard wastages, non-biohazard wastages, sharp material), steps in the management of pharmacy wastages, spill kit contents, and cleaning of spill material. Conclusion: The policy and procedures of wastages and spill cleaning are new initiative procedures aimed at pharmacy infection control. In pharmacy settings, it is part of the biohazard and safety foundation. As such, waste management and spill clean-up policies are critical in pharmaceutical care services to improve safe disposal.

}, keywords = {Infection control, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, spill cleaning, Wastages}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Abdulrahman Nabeel Yousif and Abdulrahman Nabeel Yousif Sharaf and Eman Mohamed Hasan Alaali and Maha Hussein Almadany and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi} } @article {228, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Worker{\textquoteright}s Competency}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {99-104}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Objective: In this study, we aimed to declare the competency of the Infection control policy in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a narrative review of pharmacy infection control. A literature search was performed using various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, about specific pharmacy practice infection control policies and procedures. The search period was from the 1960s until October 2021. The terms were in English and included narrative review, systemic review, meta-analysis, and guidelines across all hospitals and community pharmacy services. Moreover, the National and international guidelines of general research in hospital and pharmacy practice guide the current review. The committee of pharmacy infection control formulated and consisted of various experts, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and clinical infection control specialists. Some authors drafted the policy and procedures, and the other member reviewed and corrected them. The third revision was by the infection control specialist. The study emphasizes the competency of Pharmacy infection control policies and procedures. Results: The Pharmacy infection control policy covered a variety of topics. It has included steps toward competency in pharmacy practice. Five models were included in the competency of pharmacy infection control policy. For example, patient care, infection control abilities, communication, professionalism, and ongoing professional development are required. In addition, each model included information about education and training, assessment types, and scores on competency assessments. The infection control competency test is administered to pharmacy staff annually. Conclusion: Pharmacy infection control policy competency is a new initiative and an integral part of pharmacy practice. The infection control policy competency requires pharmacists to continuously improve their skills in infection control practice and prevent pharmacy product-related infection in various settings within public and private healthcare institutions. As a result, the pharmacy infection control competencies policy is highly recommended for pharmaceutical care services worldwide.

}, keywords = {Competency, Infection control, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Maha Hussein Almadany, and Musleh Samil Reshidi and Hussain Mohammed Ibrahim Aareji and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi} } @article {220, title = {Policy and Procedures for Infection Control in Pharmacy Services; New initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {44-45}, type = {Editorial}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Various pharmacy practice and pharmacy administration programs were offered by pharmacy leaders in previous years.1-3 Besides, pharmacy services have been expanded in recent years through a new model of the new Saudi Vision 2030.3-11 Pharmacy infection control was one of the critical programs.12-13 Infection control services are one of the most important healthcare programs.14-18 It prevents the spread and transmission of infection to patients and healthcarerelated products and procedures. It protects patients from infection-related problems.14-18 Various infection-related issues have arisen in pharmacy practice.19-30 That has happened with pharmaceutical products. That happened while the parenteral medications were being prepared. The infectious products infiltrated the patients, infecting them and causing morbidity and mortality. 19-30 That has occurred due to infection-related injury is not a healthy practice in pharmacy. Thus, numerous international pharmacy guidelines emphasize infection prevention and control during medication preparation through the use of infection control tools.31-33 Personal protective equipment and hand hygiene were also included. Apart from that, pharmacy practice requires the use of hand sanitizers and disinfectants.31-33 Additionally, pharmacy waste is a source of infection, as are their procedures for dealing with it.31-33 Utilizing these tools in specific locations throughout pharmacy departments was insufficient to address all possible causes of infection-related problems. It requires a pharmacy environment and workplace, vaccination and occupational safety of pharmacy staff, and infection control surveillance in pharmacy services. Apart from that, antibiotic prescription Pharmacoepidemiology and antibiotic resistance in bacteria.14-18 These are a series of articles about the new infection control initiative in pharmacy practice, which encompasses all previous issues on infection prevention and control, infection prevention and control of pharmacist competency, and pharmacy infection control quality management. These articles were written as policies and procedures to facilitate pharmacists{\textquoteright} implementation of pharmaceutical care services.

}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef} } @article {215, title = {The Practice of Scientific Publications by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {26-36}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {26}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to assess the practice of scientific publications by pharmacists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey study, we aimed to assess the practice of scientific publications by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists from interns to consultants and specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information and information about the type of publications made by them, the selected elements used during scientific publications, and the social media platforms where they distribute your publication. We used a 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel software (version 16). Results: A total of 543 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-quarter were from the central region (5 (28.55\%)) followed by the eastern region (133 (24.49\%)), with statistically significant differences between regions (p=0.000). Females responded (321 (59.12\%)) more than males (222 (40.88\%)). Based on nationality, Saudi nationals (351 (64.64\%)) responded more than non-Saudi nationals (192 (35.36\%)), with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.000). The average score for type of journal for scientific publications was 3.99 with high scores obtained {\textquotedblleft}article in the international scientific journal{\textquotedblright} (4.26) and {\textquotedblleft}article in the local scientific journal{\textquotedblright} (4.22), with statistically significant difference between responses (p=0.000). The average score of pharmacist practice of unique elements during scientific publications was 3.81, with high scores obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}are your colleague{\textquoteright}s reviewers{\textquotedblright} (4.10) and {\textquotedblleft}spelling and grammar checker through special software{\textquotedblright} (3.95). The average score for the {\textquotedblleft}type of social media platforms to distribute your scientific publications{\textquotedblright} was 3.33, with high scores obtained for WhatsApp (3.73) and YouTube (3.56). The scores for the single-test reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 0.939, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α was 0.935, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.942, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.976, and greater lower bound was 0.990. Conclusion: The practice of scientific publication by pharmacists was found to be fair in Saudi Arabia. An annual report about pharmacists involved in the scientific publication is suggested. We recommend improving the practice of scientific publications by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Pharmacist, Practice, Publications, Saudi Arabia, Scientific}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Juman saad Mohammad Alsaab and Razan Alshehri and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {232, title = {Preparations for Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Examination}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {129-139}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objectives: The preparation tools and resources used for licensure examinations in the pharmacy practice are crucial to entry-level pharmacist{\textquoteright}s skills for licensures exam. It was a cross-sectional descriptive study aimed at demonstrating the preparation methodology for passing the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Exam (SPLE) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), focusing on the preparation tools, resources, and barriers of pharmacy workers. Methods: The data for this study was collected through a self-electronic survey and analyzed using the survey monkey systems and the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS). The study used a sample size of 701 participants statistically calculated with a 95\% CI, 1.96 z score, and 5\% margin error. Results: The study found medium scores (M=3.31, p=.000) in the preparation tools to SPLE with highly used Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) in pharmacy practice and review of healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} law. In contrast, Non-pharmacy board license exams stimulating undergraduate examinations, Anxiety about the test, and Lack of preparation were the most significant barriers preventing the entry-level pharmacist{\textquoteright}s licensure examinations. In addition, gender and material status affected SPLE preparation tools, resources, and obstacles to perceptions. Conclusion: The analysis concluded that the current licensure examination (SPLE) preparation tool was self-preparations and used resources. There are no standardized entry-level licensure examination tools or resources, necessitating targeted changes in undergraduate schools to introduce preparation tools that measure entry-level pass Pharmacist Licensure Exam very efficiently.

}, keywords = {Competency, Exam, Licensure, Perceptions, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nahed Rashid Alyami and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Seham Abed Almehmadi and Juman~ Alsaab and Shumukh Saleh Al Thubaiti and Raghad Abdullah Ali Alghamdi} } @article {231, title = {Public Knowledge of Herbal Medicine for Respiratory Viral Infection in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {123-128}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {123}, abstract = {

Aim: This survey analysis investigated indevisuals{\textquoteright} knowledge of herbal medications to treat common respiratory viral infections. Methods: A self-administered, structured questionnaire was sent to the public online, including questions on the responders{\textquoteright} demographics and questions about different herbal medications and their use to treat viral respiratory infections. Data analysis was executed through the survey SPSS program. Results: Four hundred eighty-six individuals responded to this questionnaire; 89.92\% of the responders were from the west area, and 56.49\% were in the age group between 18 and 30. The most herbal medications used for respiratory viral infections was honey 364 (78.79\%), and lemon juice 327 (71.24\%), followed by Ginger 288 (64.43\%) and Mint 292 (64.04\%\%) While the least herbal medicine used was Sambucus nigra 26 (6.09\%) and Licorice 26 (6.68\%). The most herbal medicine not known among responders was Sambucus nigra 147 (34.43\%), Sugarcane 136 (31.48\%), and Radish 135 (31.47\%\%). Herbal medicines usages were significantly higher among males, except for cloves and miswak; their use was significantly higher among females. Retired individuals (p value\<0.001), high income (p-value\<0.001), non-healthcare professionals (p-value=0.003), age group between 51 to 60 years old (p-value\<0.001), married individuals (p-value\<0.001) all had higher knowledge level about herbal medications use in viral respiratory infections. The survey{\textquoteright}s reliability was tested by Mac 0.96, Cronbach 0.958, Gultman 2 0.961, and Gultman 6 0.973. Conclusion: The level of knowledge about herbal medicine use among individuals in Saudi Arabia is inadequate. Awareness of the general public about herbal medications should be improved.

}, keywords = {Herbal medications, Knowledge, Respiratory infections, Saudi Arabia, Viral}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.16}, author = {Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Murouj Almaghrabi and Ghadeer Alhazmi and Menwer Tashan Zaid Alanazi and Mohammad Almatrafi and Ghaida Alzahrani} } @article {186, title = {Analysis of Gabapentinoids Abuse-Reports in the Middle East and North Africa Region Utilizing the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {05-08}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {05}, abstract = {

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify abuse-related post-marketing reports associated with gabapentinoids use in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region countries. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of abuse-related adverse drug event (ADE) reports from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It was performed using the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database from January 2008 through June 2020. Abuserelated ADE reports for gabapentin and pregabalin were extracted from the FAERS database. Descriptive statistics were performed, and the proportional reporting ratio (PRR) was calculated to detect disproportional attribution of abuse-related ADEs for gabapentin versus pregabalin. Results: We identified 559 all-cause ADE reports for gabapentinoids, including 205 (36.7\%) abuse-related ADE reports reported to FAERS in the period of analysis. FAERS included 139 (67.8\%) pregabalin and 66 (32.2\%) gabapentin abuse-related ADE reports. Among MENA region countries, Turkey (55, 39.6\%) and Saudi Arabia (34, 23.7\%) had the highest number of abuse-related ADE reports for pregabalin. The most pregabalin abuse-related ADE reports involved adult male patients. The PRR of pregabalin versus gabapentin abuse-related ADE reports was 1.11, indicating that the number of abuse-related events was higher for pregabalin compared to gabapentin. Conclusion: Over 200 cases of abuserelated gabapentinoids events were reported to FEARS from the MENA region in the study period. Further studies should assess risk factors and potential programs to reduce gabapentinoids abuse.

}, keywords = {Abuse, Adverse drug events, FAERS, Gabapentin, MENA, Pregabalin}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.2}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Ali Mofleh Alshahrani and Reem Dhayan Almutairi and Hana Abdulmohsen Althobaiti and Ahmed Ibrahim Fathelrahman and Enrique Seoane-Vazquez and Moudi Mubarak Alasmari} } @article {190, title = {Analysis of Practice of Drug Information Resources by Dentists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {28-34}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Aim: This study{\textquoteright}s objective was to analyze dentists{\textquoteright} practice of drug information resources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional study about the dentists{\textquoteright} practice of drug information resources in Saudi Arabia. It is a self-reported and electronic survey of dentists. We included dentists from interns to consultants and from all specialties in dentistry and located in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts. The first part collected demographic information. The second part collected data about the type of drug information inquiries, aspects of dental drug information resources, and the dental drug information resources and types of dental drug information resources used in practice are responsible. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses to the survey questions. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed through the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16). Results: The average number of dental information resources was 0.84 per patient daily. The most commonly referred resource in relation to the dental drug information was biweekly (94 (36.43\%)), monthly (92 (35.66\%)) followed by weekly (35 (13.58\%)) newsletter in addition to those published a few times per year (18 (6.98\%)). The most frequently searched question was about the adverse reaction (190 (73.36\%)) and drug availability (144 (55.60\%)), whereas the majority of the dental prescriptions was related to the oral ulcer (83 (32.05\%)) and sedation medications (74 (28.57\%)). The average score for the item {\textquotedblleft}implemented items for dental drug information resources{\textquotedblright} was 1.78. The highest score was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}an annual plan of dental drug information resources{\textquotedblright} (1.88). In contrast, the lowest score was obtained for {\textquotedblleft}dental drug information resources dentist{\textquoteright}s competency{\textquotedblright} (1.7), with statistically significant differences between all responses (p\<0.001). The highest scores of dental drug information resources (to authorities) the responsibility was a clinical pharmacist (4.65) and pharmacy technicians (4.34). In contrast, the lowest score was dentists (2.19), with statistical signification among all answers in each aspect (p\<0.001). Conclusion: Despite the demand for resources to resolve drug-related dental care problems, the resources were seldom utilized. Targeting education and training of dental information resources is required to improve dental patient care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Analysis, Dentist, Drug Information, Practice, Resources, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anwar Mouslim Alshammari and Juman saad Mohammad Alsaab} } @article {209, title = {Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern at Primary Health Centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to identify antibiotic prescribing patterns in Riyadh{\textquoteright}s Primary health care centers (PHCs). Methods: The study was a one-month cross-sectional medication prescription survey conducted at 25 PHCs in Riyadh. Results: A total of 18031 prescriptions were recorded in all 25 PHCs during the study period. Antibiotics were present in 3,879 (21.51\%) of all prescriptions. The percentage of antibiotics prescribed varied from one primary care center to another; the highest documented percentage was 38.01 \%. In comparison, the lowest proportion was discovered to be 10.56\% of total antibiotics prescribed, with 3,131 (80.67 \%) being bactericidal and 748 (19.3 \%) being bacteriostatic. Capsules were the most commonly prescribed antibiotic dosage form 1,240 (32\%), Amoxicillin was the antibiotic most frequently prescribed 1628 (42\%), followed by a combination of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate 797 (20.5\%). Of the total prescriptions, 2931 (75.6\%) were written with generic names, while 948 (24.4\%) were written with brand (trade) names. Amoxicillin was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic with a generic name (52.7\%), while Amoxicillin/Clavulanate was the most usually prescribed antibiotic with the brand name {\textquotedblleft}Augmentin{\textquotedblright} (69.4\%). The frequency of antibiotics prescribed to patients who did not have a documented indication for Amoxicillin was 270. (6.9\%). Conclusion: Antibiotics were prescribed in one-third of PHC prescriptions. Antimicrobial stewardship programs and training for healthcare professionals are needed at PHCs in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic, Pattern, Prescribing, Primary Health Centers, Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.17}, author = {Zainab Albahooth and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Samia Zaben Almurshadi and Hind Nasser Altamimi and Abdulaziz Hussain Alhussain} } @article {199, title = {Charity Pharmaceutical Care Services: a New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {61-65}, type = {Review Articles}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Objectives: To affirm the Charity pharmaceutical care services as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national Charity heath care services societies and regulations. The projects expressed from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and entails of several parts, including the initial and planning phases, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The Charity pharmaceutical care services with a defined vision, mission, and goals. The services had numerous benefits, counting clinical and economical on patients, as illustrated in the review. The continuation of the project is guaranteed by the risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. Finally, the transition to operation project through closing project stage is discovered in the analysis. Conclusion: The Charity pharmaceutical care services are a new initiative part of the charity medical and healthcare services. The Charity pharmaceutical care services were part of pharmacy strategic plan with Saudi vision 2030, meet the demand of healthcare services, and diminish the economic burden on the healthcare system; it is highly proposed to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Charity, Initiative, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {194, title = {Dental Drug Information Applications: New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {75-81}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Objectives: The dental medications information application is one of the grave elements in dental practice. Therefore, the review of the updated mobile applications of dental drug information is swotted. Methods: It was revitalized of the literature on the dental drug information mobile software includes the PubMed and Medline search on this topic in numerous methods. The current project of drug information applications reconnoiters through descriptions with accent on market analysis, SWOT analysis, project team, cost management, quality requirements, and risk factors linked issues. Nominated applications had been invigorated, counting the software name, coverage of the medications, frequency updating, and subscription-related. Results: There is no examination about dental medication{\textquoteright}s mobile applications. There is more than fifteen mobile software suitable for dental providers. The project should be realized through project management professionals tools. The choosing of dental applications includes drug information based on numerous factors, coverage of the scientific data, the level of knowledge, and cost of the subscription. The advantages and disadvantages had studied throughout. Conclusion: The drug information resources with mobile applications are useful and easily reachable for all dental practitioners{\textquoteright} specialties. Therefore, the employment of the dental applications of drug information is highly suggested in dental care.

}, keywords = {Application, Dental, Drug, Information, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hanin Sumaydan Saleam Aljohani and Amnah Abdulaziz Al Shams and Sukinah Abdulaziz Mohammed Alshams} } @article {196, title = {Dental Drug Information Tertiary Resources: New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {44-52}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objectives: The textbook of dental drug information resources is a prime reference to dental knowledge. The dental knowledge valuation is appropriate for dental care. The contemporary topic of declaring the updated information about dental medications textbooks. Methods: It is a literature review of drug information resources and tertiary resources in dental practice. Searching of PubMed/Medline dated from the 1960s to 2021s. It entailed of all types of research design including market analysis, SWOT analysis, quality management of the project, and management of any risks. The selected drug information resources list was done through resources name, medications coverage, types of publications, either manual or online or mobile applications, frequency of updating, and the publisher. Results: The total number of nominated dental tertiary drug information was more than twenty. The tertiary resources are articulated as regular textbooks or online and mobile applications. Some resources were only about dental drug information. They were a potted or in-depth information including some of the resources about disease management with importance on the specialties. Recently, there is a collection of drug information textbooks through a website. This includes choice of selection textbookbased of updated information, method of publications online and applications and cost-related issues. Conclusion: Dental drug information resources textbook was vital in the dental care. The collection of textbooks with more than one method of publication online and mobile application are highly endorsed in dental practice.

}, keywords = {Dental, Drug, Resources, Saudi Arabia, Tertiary}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hanin Sumaydan Saleam Aljohani and Arub Abdullah Batil Albatil and Amnah Abdulaziz Al Shams and Sukinah Abdulaziz Mohammed Alshams} } @article {197, title = {Dental Drug Information Websites Resources: New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {53-60}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {53}, abstract = {

Objectives: All healthcare professionals necessity to improve and update their medical and pharmaceutical knowledge, including dentists. There are numerous types of dental medications, including drug information website resources. The current review is to reconnoiter references websites of medications in the dental care. Methods: It is a literature review of a drug information website for dentists. Probing was done in PubMed and Medline about this field. The search encompassed all study designs but was not limited to the observation study, clinical trial, meta-analysis and systemic, and review articles. The current topic debated the market assessment demand, team and cost management of the project, quality and risk management of the project. It was rationalized on selected dental drug websites designed with medications coverage, frequency updated, and responsible publisher. Results: More than 13 drug information websites for dental practice had been intended. The websites consisted of free governmental or healthcare organizations websites highlighting international medications regulation or local drug regulatory affairs with mobile applications format. Free non-governmental drug information website entailed of drug therapy as part of disease management and other medication patient education websites. All websites of dental drug information resources should be measured undergraduate and postgraduate dental practitioners. Conclusion: Dental drug information resources website is real-world and more accessible than other resources. Therefore, implementation of the current project is highly recommended for dental colleges and healthcare organizations.

}, keywords = {Dental, Drug, Information, Resources, Saudi Arabia, Websites}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.10}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hanin Sumaydan Saleam Aljohani and Arub Abdullah Batil Albatil} } @article {187, title = {Dentist{\textquoteright}s Experiences and Expectations of Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {09-16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {09}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the dentist{\textquoteright}s experiences and expectations of pharmacists in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-month cross-sectional study about dentist{\textquoteright}s experiences and expectations of pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. It self-administered validated electronic survey with closed-ended questions, and the 5-point Likert response scale system was used. The survey consisted of demographic data of responders and items about dentists{\textquoteright} perception of pharmacists{\textquoteright} actual experiences, pharmacists{\textquoteright} recent experiences, future expectations of pharmacists, and barriers hiding the pharmacist role in the practice. Results: The total number of dentist{\textquoteright}s responders were 398 dentists. Of those, 205(51.51\%) were male, and 193 (48.49\%) were female. Most participants were 229(57.54\%) general practitioners and 75(18.61\%) residents. Many dentists contacted pharmacist for drug availability inquiries 311(79,13\%) and drug-drug interactions questions 265(68.65\%). The average scores of dentist{\textquoteright}s actual experiences of pharmacists were (3.12), the average scores of dentist{\textquoteright}s current expectations of pharmacists were (3.6), and dentist{\textquoteright}s future expectations of pharmacists were (3.52). Conclusion: Dentist experience and expectations of pharmacists were inadequate in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Targeting pharmacists{\textquoteright} awareness of pharmacists in the dental care and collaboration programs and activities or therapeutic guidelines between dentists and pharmacists are required.

}, keywords = {Dentist, Expectations, Experiences, Perception, Pharmacists, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.3}, author = {Yousef Alomi and Abdulaziz Al-Humaidan and Abdullah Alazzam} } @article {188, title = {Dentist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of Essential Drug Information Resources in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {17-22}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the knowledge of dentists regarding drug information resources in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional study exploring the knowledge of dentists about drug information resources in Saudi Arabia. This is a self-reported electronic survey of dentists. The questionnaire contained two parts. The first section collected demographic data of the responders. In contrast, the second section collected information about dentists{\textquoteright} essential knowledge about dental drug information resources, knowledge of the selected 12 dental drug information books, and their preferred 17 websites containing dental drug information resources. We used 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses to the close-ended questions. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and were analyzed using SPSS and Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 260 dentists responded to the survey. Of them, 153 (59.30\%) were male, and 105 (40.7\%) were female, which was statistically significant (p\<0.003). The majority of the responders (257 (98.85\%)) were in 24{\textendash}35 years. Almost half of the responders were interns (135 (51.92\%)) followed by residents (63 (24.23\%)) and as General Practitioner with (62 (23.85\%)), which was statistically significant (p\<0.001). The average score of dentist knowledge about dental drug information resources was 1.80, and the highest score was recorded for knowledge of the concept of dental drug information resources. The average dental knowledge score of dental drug information resources was 1.80, which was statistically significant (p\<0.5). The majority of the responders (80.70\%) were not familiar with dental drug information books. In contrast, the best resources known by the responders were Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (55 (21.24\%)) and ADA Dental Drug Handbook (54 (20.77\%)). The majority of the responders (74.30\%) were not familiar with the websites related to dental drug information resources. In comparison, the most frequently used resources by the responders were the World Health Organization (WHO) (137 (52.69\%)) and Ministry of Health websites (137 (52.69\%)). Conclusion: The responders had insufficient knowledge about the available dental drug information resources, including books and websites. Targeting to improve dentist knowledge of dental drug information resources is required in Saudi Arabia through dental schools, and pharmacists play a critical role in dental education.

}, keywords = {Dentist, Drug Information, Knowledge, Resources, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anwar Mouslim Alshammari and Hanin Sumaydan Saleam Aljohani} } @article {189, title = {Dentist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of Evidence-based Dentistry and Digital Applications Resources in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {23-27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {23}, abstract = {

Objectives: Drug information resources provide clinicians with safer use of medications and play a vital role in improving drug safety. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has become essential to medical practice; however, EBM is still an emerging dentistry concept. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore dentists{\textquoteright} knowledge about evidence-based dentistry resources in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional study conducted to analyze dentists{\textquoteright} knowledge about evidencebased dentistry resources in Saudi Arabia. We included dentists from interns to consultants and those across all dentistry specialties and located in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information and knowledge of resources on dental drugs. The knowledge of evidence-based dental care and knowledge of dental drug information applications. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Moreover, various reliability tests had been done with the study. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) and Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 260 dentists responded to the survey. Of them, 51\% were interns, 85\% as dental staff with three years or less experience by 88.46\%. The results showed that most responders (56.76\%) did not know that the Evidence-Based Dentistry (EBD) database is a part of the drug information resource. Their institution does not establish it. Almost half of the responders (48.23\%) were not familiar with the digital application of dental drug information resources. The average knowledge of dentists regarding EBD drug information resources was 48\%. Furthermore, the majority of the resources that the dentists frequently accessed were MEDLINE/PubMed (77.69\%), American College of Physicians (www. acponline.org/ clinical information/ guidelines/) (73 (28.08\%), and Guideline.gov (www.guideline.gov) (71 (27.31\%). Conclusion: There was inadequate knowledge of evidence-based dentistry of drug information resources in Saudi Arabia. Implementation of these findings is vital for optimizing patient outcomes, improving clinical practice, and patient care.

}, keywords = {Dentist, Digital Application, Evidence-based Dentistry, Knowledge, Resources, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anwar Mouslim Alshammari and Hanin Sumaydan Saleam Aljohani} } @article {198, title = {Evidence-based Drug Dentistry Resource: New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {66-74}, type = {Review Articles}, chapter = {66}, abstract = {

Objectives: Evidence-based dentistry is a existing practice in the dental care. Evidence-based dental medications play a grave part in this field. The reconnoiter of evidence-based dental drug information resources is swotted in this topic. Methods: It is a chronicle review of evidence-based dentistry of drug information resources. The literature had been examined through PubMed and Medline from the 1960s to 2021s. All types of literature encompassed. If not existed, the textbook of drug information will be designed. The project is defined through market analysis and SWOT tools. The team and cost management will be deliberated. Quality management and risk factors will be involved in the project. The list of evidence-based dentistry discovers literature coverage, frequency of updating, type of publications online or applications, and responsible publisher. Results: There are more than twenty evidence-based dentistry drug information resources were nominated. There are numerous types of resources, including free-of-charge evidence-based. It contained of collecting the primary literature and evidence-based dental guidelines. Some resources had a collection of meta-analysis and systemic review literature with a paid subscription. Other comprehensive collection of journal publications includes from the USA and European journals. Additional drug information resources through a comprehensive search engine of all evidence-based dental drug information resources. The choice of evidence-based dentistry is based on numerous factors debated in the topic. Conclusion: Evidence-based dentistry with an emphasis on drug information resources connected issues is a present part of dental practice. Therefore, the implementation of the project is mandatory at the healthcare organizations in the dental care.

}, keywords = {Dentistry, Drug, Evidence-based, Resources, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hanin Sumaydan Saleam Aljohani and Arub Abdullah Batil Albatil} } @article {206, title = {The Impact of Aflibercept on Diabetic Macular Edema Patients Refractory to Ranibizumab in a Tertiary Care Eye Specialist Hospital, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {82-85}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Aim: The purpose of this study is to see if switching from intravitreal Ranibizumab, an anti{\textendash}Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (anti-VEGF), to Aflibercept is evidence-based in the diabetic Saudi population. We compared the efficacy of three injections of the Aflibercept treatment regimen in diabetic macular edema (DME) cases refractory to Ranibizumab. Methods: In 2018, a retrospective single-arm cohort study was carried out. Cases of refractory DME were evaluated before and after three injections of Ranibizumab, as well as three Aflibercept treatment regimens. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) was used to investigate changes in Central Macular Thickness (CMT) (anatomic outcome). In addition, changes in the CMT and Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) (functional outcome) were assessed. Results: The cohort consisted of 74 eyes from 74 DME patients. As an anatomical indicator, the mean CMT decreased from 482{\textpm}153 μ to 385.6{\textpm}134.6 μ after three injections of Ranibizumab. In contrast, with Aflibercept treatment, the mean CMT decreased to 370.2{\textpm}116.9 μ. The decrease in CMT was statistically significant [94.6μ (95\% confidence interval (CI): 54.8; 134.3] (P 0.001). In addition, BCVA improved by two or more lines in 17 (23\%) of the eyes treated with Aflibercept, remained unchanged in 40 (54\%) of the eyes, and decreased in 17 (23\%) of the eyes. Conclusion: The anatomic successes of both anti-VEGF (Ranibizumab and Aflibercept) treatment regimens in Saudi patients with DME are promising. The Aflibercept treatment regimen improves success in refractory DME cases, but the visual improvement appears to be limited.

}, keywords = {Aflibercept, Anti Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (Anti-VEGF), Diabetes., Diabetic Macular Edema (DME), Diabetic retinopathy, Ranibizumab}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.14}, author = {Abdullah AlHumaidan and Sitah AlZuman and Muhammad Haris Mazhar and Arwa A AlDahash and Wejdan AlMussalam and Hassan AlDhibi and Marco Mura and Loujain AlAbbasi and Rajiv Khandekar} } @article {184, title = {Infection Control Pharmacist: A New Initiative Project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {40-43}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {40}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the Infection control pharmacist as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national and international Infection control regulations and guidelines. The projects are formulated from the global business model, pharmacy project guidelines and professional project management elements. The initial project followed the project management professionals, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The vision, mission and goals of the Infection control pharmacist are explored. The services had various benefits, including clinical and economical, on patients, as illustrated in the review. The continuous of the project revised by the risk management model description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project through closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The Infection control pharmacist is a new initiative and part of the clinical pharmacy specialties and pharmacy infection control services. The Infection control pharmacist meet the demand of pharmacy infection control, prevent infection control related problems and contribute during epidemic or pandemic and medical disaster; it is highly suggested to implement in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Infection control, Initiative, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Mohammed Alyousef} } @article {211, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Scientific Publications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {115-125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {115}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about scientific publications in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, we analyzed pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about scientific publications in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists from interns to consultants and specialists. The survey collected demographic information of the responders and their knowledge of selected research paper elements in a scientific journal. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with closeended questions to obtain responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) and Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 543 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-quarter of the participants responded from the central region (155 (28.55\%)), followed by the eastern region (133 (24.49\%)), with statistically significant differences between all regions (p=0.000). Females responded more (321 (59.12\%)) than that of males (222 (40.88\%)). The majority of the responders were Saudi nationals (351 (64.64\%)), followed by non-Saudi nationals (192 (35.36\%)), with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.000). The average score for knowledge of pharmacists about writing a section in the research article was 4.07, with high scores obtained for the elements {\textquotedblleft}knowledge of the abstract section{\textquotedblright} (4.51) and {\textquotedblleft}knowledge of the Introduction section{\textquotedblright} (4.47), with statistically significant between all responses (p=0.000). The average score for knowledge of pharmacists about various study designs in the manuscript was 3.36, with high scores obtained for the elementary knowledge of cohort study (3.59), case series (3.59), observational study, and Letters to the editor (3.49), with statistically significant differences between responses (p=0.000). The average score for knowledge of pharmacists about journal indexing database was (3.17), with high scores obtained for the elementary knowledge of the Google Scholar (3.78), PubMed (3.60), and Index Medicus (3.43). The scores for the reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was (0.843), Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α was (0.847), Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was (0.888), Gutmann{\textquoteright}s was λ6 (0.985), and Greater Lower Bound was (0.994). Conclusion: Pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about writing research sections, study design, and journal indexing database for scientific publications in Saudi Arabia was varied. Therefore, we highly recommend improving pharmacists{\textquoteright} training and education during graduation to improve patients{\textquoteright} pharmaceutical care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Pharmacist, Saudi Arabia., Scientific Publications}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Juman saad Mohammad Alsaab and Razan Alshehri and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {185, title = {Outsourcing of Pharmaceutical Care Services: A New Initiative Project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {01-04}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the outsourcing of pharmaceutical care services as a new initiative project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a new initiative project driven by the international outsourcing of pharmaceutical care services guidelines. The project has been formulated from the global business model, pharmaceutical project guidelines, and professional project management of a new project. The project management professionals have written this initiative project. It consists of the following parts: The initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, and finally, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: We explored the outsourcing of pharmaceutical care services with a defined vision, mission, and goals. The services had various benefits, including clinical and economic outcomes on patients. The risk management model was explored, which assured the continuity of the project. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the project{\textquoteright}s services as declared. The transition to operation project through the closing project stage has also been explored in this study. Conclusion: The outsourcing of pharmaceutical care services is a new initiative project and part of the pharmacy strategic plan with Saudi Vision 2030 programs. The outsourcing of pharmaceutical care services meets the pharmacy workforce{\textquoteright}s demand, completes the requirement of some pharmacy services, and improves clinical pharmacy sections without additional cost. We highly recommend it to be implemented in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Outsourcing, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {210, title = {Perception and Attitude of Public about Hand Sanitizers and Disinfectants in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {107-114}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {107}, abstract = {

Objectives: The public had malpractice and attitudes toward hand sanitizer and disinfectants during epidemic and pandemic situations. Even though there is evidence that sanitizers and disinfectants are efficacious and prevent disease transmission, the public{\textquoteright}s perception and attitude about their efficacy are still controversial. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the perception and attitude of hand sanitizers and disinfectants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Design and Setting: A self-administered, structured questionnaire was sent to the public via online mode. The survey collected demographic information and information about perception and attitude about using hand sanitizer or disinfectant during COVID-19. Data were analyzed with the SPSS program. Results: A total of 402 participants responded to the questionnaire. Of them, 32.58\% were from the western region, and 25.76\% were from the central region, with statistically significant differences between different regions (p=0.000). Most of the responders (90.88\%) were Saudi nationals. In addition, the majority of the responders (65.17\%) were females, with statistically significant differences between males and females (p=0.000). The average score for attitude was 2.65. The average score for the perception was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}dedicate a specific place in the house to store hand sanitizer or disinfectant{\textquotedblright} (3.90). The responders accepted the sanitizer of disinfectant information from the health practitioners (3.75). The average score of perception was 3.18. The part with most perception by the patient was {\textquotedblleft}the efficacy and safety of sanitizer and disinfectant is the best factor to get them{\textquotedblright} (4.01), and {\textquotedblleft}there is a big difference between sanitizer and disinfectant in effectiveness and safety{\textquotedblright} (3.75). Conclusion: The public{\textquoteright}s perception of sanitizers and disinfectants was inadequate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The public had the perception of knowledge of sanitizers and disinfectants, appropriate storage conditions, non-usage of herbal medications, and use of sanitizers and disinfectants. However, they had a wrong perception of the benefits of sanitizer and disinfectant-related problems. Therefore, public awareness about sanitizer and disinfectants should be improved in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Disinfectants, Perception, Public, Sanitizer, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Basmah Sulimain AlHamdan and Sahar Obaid Alosaimi and Deema Abdullah Altuwayhir and Aseel Hamed Alzaidi} } @article {191, title = {Perception of Dentists about Drug Information Resources in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {35-39}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Objectives: Previous studies have shown that overprescription of antibiotics and other drugs is still existing in dentistry. Fortunately, dental drug information resources can be used to help dentists choose the proper medication. In this study, we aimed to study dentists{\textquoteright} perceptions of dentists concerning the use of dental drug information resources in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month descriptive cross-sectional study. This self-reported electronic survey included dentists from all specialties of dentistry in Saudi Arabia. All nondentists and students were excluded from this study. The survey collected demographic information, dentists{\textquoteright} perceptions about dental drug information resources, and the barriers preventing them from implementing dental drug information resources. The survey was distributed through social media, and the data were validated and revised by expert reviewers and pilot testing. The reliability was assessed based on Cronbach{\textquoteright}s alpha value. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using SPSS and JASP software. Results: A total of 260 dentists responded to this survey, with 28.85\% responding from the north and 24.62\% responding from the central region. Of them, 59.30\% were male, and 40.7\% were female responders. The majority of the dentists (98.85\%) were in 24{\textendash}35 years. Almost 51.92\% of the dentists were interns, followed by residents (24.23\%) and general practitioners (23.85\%). The score of dentists{\textquoteright} perceptions of dental drug information resources was (3.6); the highest for the element {\textquotedblleft}acknowledging that drug information resources can prevent medication errors and lead to positive outcomes.{\textquotedblright} The lowest score was recorded for the aspect (2.33) {\textquotedblleft}dental drug information resources are new for the dentist,{\textquotedblright} and they change the dentist{\textquoteright}s initial prescribing habits. The average score for the perception of barriers to implementing dental drug information resources was (3.5); the pharmacists were not aware of their responsibility, and dental drug information resources were not appropriately taught in dental school. Conclusion: Dentists need to be encouraged to learn about drugs. Dental schools should implement medication-focused courses to help students better understand the drug information resources. Further studies are warranted to measure the knowledge of undergraduate students of dentistry regarding the practice of dental drug information resources.

}, keywords = {Dentists, Drug Information, Perception, Resources, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anwar Mouslim Alshammari and Khaznah Saad Alshammari} } @article {207, title = {Public Knowledge of Hand Sanitizers and Disinfectants in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {86-94}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {86}, abstract = {

Objectives: Hand sanitizers and disinfectants have been commonly used during epidemic and pandemic situations. Despite the proven efficacy and safety of sanitizers and disinfectants, the publics{\textquoteright} knowledge about their use is still controversial. In this survey, we aimed to investigate the knowledge of the public about the use of hand sanitizer and disinfectants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Design and Setting: A self-administered structured questionnaire was sent to the public via online mode. It collected demographic information and collected information about different hand sanitizers and disinfectants and their general knowledge on such products, contraindications, and storage information during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected through the Survey monkey program. Results: A total of 402 participants responded to the questionnaire. Of them, 32.58\% were from the western region, and 25.76\% were from the central area, and there were statistically significant differences between different regions (p=0.000). Based on nationality, 90.88\% of Saudi nationals responded to the questionnaire. In addition, 65.17\% of the responders were female, with statistically significant differences (p=0.000). The most prevalent age group was between 18 and 29 years (50.25\%), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average general knowledge score was 3.90emphasizing the medication administration (4.40) and frequency of usage (4.25). The average score of contraindication knowledge was 2.91. The feature most known by the public was the general side reaction that appears during use (3.21), and usage of the medication with other drugs is forbidden (3.04). The average score for the knowledge of storage was 3.45. The part most known by the patient was the storage of the sanitizer or disinfectant at room temperature (3.91) and sanitizer or disinfectant prices in general (3.58). Conclusion: The knowledge about storage of sanitizers and disinfectants among the public in Saudi Arabia was satisfactory; however, the knowledge about contraindications was insufficient. Therefore, we recommend increasing the general public{\textquoteright}s awareness about sanitizers and disinfectants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Disinfectants, Knowledge, Public, Sanitizer, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Basmah Sulimain AlHamdan and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Sahar Obaid Alosaimi and Deema Abdullah Altuwayhir} } @article {208, title = {Public Practice of using Hand Sanitizer and Disinfectant in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {95-101}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {95}, abstract = {

Objectives: Hand sanitizer and disinfectants have become essential because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the efficacy of sanitizers and disinfectants in preventing disease transmission, the practice of using them has still not improved among the public. Therefore, in this survey, we analyzed the usages of hand sanitizers and disinfectants in the people of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Designs and Setting: A self-administered, structured questionnaire was sent to the public online, including questions on the responders{\textquoteright} demographics and questions about the type of sanitizer or disinfectant used, the situations, places, and locations where the sanitizer was used during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed via SPSS software. Results: A total of 402 individuals responded to the questionnaire. Of them, 32.58\% of the responders were from the western region, and 25.76\% were from the central region, and there were statistically significant differences between all regions (p=0.000). The majority of the responders (90.88\%) were Saudi nationals. Small- (3.75) and medium-sized (3.13) sanitizers were the most used. In the case of disinfectants, the highest usage of disinfectants was Dettol (3.97) and Clorox (3.13), with statistically significant differences between the responses (p=0.000). The majority of the times when sanitizers or disinfectants were used during COVID-19 was after going out from the market (4.32), before entering the market (4.19), and during entering the house (4.13), with statistically significant differences between responses (p=0.000). Toilet (214 (54.31\%)) and a kitchen (208 (53.06\%)) were the sites with the majority of the responses, with statistically significant differences between responses (p\<0.001). Conclusion: Most people in Saudi Arabia use small sanitizers and phenolic and quaternary ammonium salt-containing disinfectants. There was malpractice of the sanitizer or disinfectant. Therefore, we highly recommend increasing the public{\textquoteright}s awareness about sanitizer and disinfectants used in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Disinfectants, Practice, Public, Sanitizer, Saudi Arabia., Usage, Utilization}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Basmah Sulimain AlHamdan and Sahar Obaid Alosaimi and Deema Abdullah Altuwayhir} } @article {173, title = {Clinical Compounding Service: New Initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {82-84}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Objective: To declare the clinical compounding service as new initiatives in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project of clinical compounding service. The projects drove the international clinical compounding service guidelines, the global business model, and pharmacy project guidelines a new project. The initial project is written through project management professionals and contained several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The clinical compounding service defined vision, mission, and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical, on the healthcare system, as described in the review. The continuation of the services assured by risk management elements description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the projects as illustrated. The transition to operation project though the closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The clinical compounding service program is a new initiative project in pharmacy practice. The new project is part of innovative pharmacy practice and projecting of new extemporaneous preparations, and it is highly suggested in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Compounding, Extemporaneous, Formulation, Preparations, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {182, title = {Medications Onboard Aircraft: New Initiative System in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {105-108}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {105}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the medications onboard aircraft as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national medications onboard aircraft services guidelines. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The medications onboard aircraft services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients as exemplified in the review. The continuous of the project assured by risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project though closing project stage discovered in the analysis. Conclusion: The medications onboard aircraft services is new initiative part of the medical and healthcare airlines program. The medications onboard aircraft properly meet the emergency need during aircraft journey and improve patient satisfaction on airlines healthcare and medical services; it is highly recommended to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Aircraft, Airplane, Initiative, Medications, Onboard, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli} } @article {171, title = {National Pharmacy Research and Development (R and D) Program: New Initiatives in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {76-78}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {76}, abstract = {

Objective: To declare the national pharmacy research and development program as new initiatives in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project of pharmacy research and development. The projects drove the international research and development guidelines, and pharmacy project guidelines of a new project and the global business model. The initial project is written through project management professionals and included several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The pharmacy research and development services that defined vision, mission, and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical, on the healthcare system, as described in the review. The continuation of the services assured by risk management elements description. Furthermore, the monitoring and controlling of the projects as illustrated. The transition to operation project though the closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The pharmacy research and development program is a new initiative project in clinical pharmacy and pharmacy administration tools. The new project is useful to measure the clinical and economic of pharmacy practice and forecasting of new pharmacy programs, and it is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Development, Initiatives, National, Pharmacy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {175, title = {National Survey of Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia-2017-2018: Education and Training}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {91-95}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {91}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the national survey of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia during 2017- 2018 with emphasis on the education and training available to the pharmacy staff. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey on clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: The first part collects demographic information and the second part comprises of 51 questions divided into four domains. The domains are derived from the American Society of Health- System Pharmacists (ASHP), Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) survey, the international standard of Joint Commission of Hospital Accreditation and from the local standards of Saudi Center of Healthcare Accreditation. The four domains were the clinical pharmacy administration and management, performances and activities, education and training and workload documentation. We used a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions to obtain responses. The questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the 31 directors of pharmacies at hospitals. In this study, we analyzed the national survey of clinical pharmacy practice at hospitals in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on education and training. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey questionnaire distributed to 31 hospitals. The most qualified educational course available for the clinical pharmacy staff was on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (74.19\%) and on advance cardiac life support (ACLS) (36.67\%) and the least available educational course was advance trauma life support (ATLS) (10.71\%). Almost all educational courses were provided to the general clinical pharmacist (89) and clinical pharmacist supervisor (22). The majority of the educational courses provided to the healthcare professionals was on short educational course of 1{\textendash}5 days (85 (47.22\%)) followed by basic medication safety (60 (45.45\%)) and clinical pharmacy orientation 50 (41.67\%), whereas clinical pharmacists provided educational and training courses to healthcare providers mainly for general nurses (108) followed by resident physicians (66) and specialist physicians (53) periodically. Conclusion: The clinical pharmacy staff missed some primary educational and training courses. Less than half of the hospitals provided educational courses to healthcare care professionals. We highly recommend bilingual educational and training facilities for clinical pharmacy staff and healthcare professionals in the KSA.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Education, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Training}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Adel Mehmas Alragas and Norah Omar Bin Haidarah} } @article {157, title = {National Survey of Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia-2017-2018: Administration and Management}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we explored the national survey of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia during 2017-2018 with an emphasis on the administration and management of pharmacy practice. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: the demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 51 questions divided into four domains. The domains were derived from the standards and guidelines provided by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS), the international standard of Joint Commission of Hospital Accreditation, in addition to the local standards of Saudi Center of Healthcare Accreditation. The four domains were the clinical pharmacy administration and management, performances and activities, education and training and workload documentation. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with closeand open-ended questions to obtain the responses. The questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the 31 directors of pharmacies at hospitals. In this study, we conducted a national survey of clinical pharmacy practice at hospitals in Saudi Arabia on performances and activities. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey questionnaire was distributed to 31 hospitals. The average score of the elements related to the clinical pharmacy administration was 3.32 (66.31\%). Most of the elements responded were policies and procedures of pharmacist privilege (4.00 (80.00\%)) followed by the mission of clinical pharmacy (3.87 (77.40\%)) and vision of clinical pharmacy administration (3.71 (74.20\%)). Most of the clinical pharmacy services provided for adult, pediatric, neonate and geriatric patients was for critical care, medical services and for emergency. Most of the hospitals had no satellite services assistant the clinical pharmacy services (22 (70.97\%)). The majority of the responders agreed that clinical pharmacy services improve the safety and effectiveness of patient care (27 (93.10\%)), decreases morbidity and mortality rate (23 (79.31\%)) and increases the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s role toward patient care (20 (68.97\%)). Conclusion: The elements of clinical pharmacy administration were not adequate in the KSA. Most of the hospital services received the clinical pharmacy services not exceeding 50\%. Despite the fact that the pharmacy administration has a good record of clinical pharmacy services, there are not enough resources to provide over 24-hr service. Revision of clinical pharmacy services is highly necessary in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Administration, Clinical, Management, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Adel Mehmas Alragas and Norah Omar Bin Haidarah} } @article {165, title = {National Survey of Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia-2017-2018: Performances and Activities}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {44-49}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the national survey of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia from 2017- 2018 with an emphasis on performances and activities. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey regarding clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: The first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 51 questions divided into four domains. The questions were derived from the standards of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) and Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) survey, the international standards of the Joint Commission of Hospital Accreditation, in addition to the local standards of Saudi Center of Healthcare Accreditation. The four domains were as follows: clinical pharmacy administration and management, performances and activities, education and training and workload documentation. The responses were obtained using a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions. The survey questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the 31 directors of pharmacies at various hospitals in Saudi Arabia. In this study, we analyzed the national survey of clinical pharmacy practice at hospitals in Saudi Arabia with regard to performances and activities. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey questionnaire was distributed to 31 hospitals. Majority of the specifications of clinical pharmacy services provided were for concurrent and routine monitoring of drug therapy of the patients (17 (54.84\%)) and written medication history (16 (51.61\%)). Majority of the clinical services recorded was for answering drug information inquiries (74.19\%), error and adverse drug event reporting (70.97\%) and medication administration (70.97\%). Most of the pharmacy units had clinical pharmacy services for control and narcotics system (4.13 (82.60\%)), unit dose system (4.07 (81.40\%)) and adults emergency medication (3.45 (69\%)). Most of the hospital programs had clinical services existed for stewardship antimicrobial (64.52\%), medication safety (61.29\%) and medication reconciliation/history-taking (54.84\%). Most of the methods of clinical pharmacist prescribing privileges in relevant hospital programs was prescribing under physician supervision (66), followed by independent prescribing (49) and refill prescribing (20). Conclusion: The performances of clinical pharmacy services monitoring of drug therapy only; that is including medication misadventures monitoring and prevention through antibiotics, medication safetyrelated services. The clinical pharmacist had inadequate prescribing privilege under physician supervision. Targeting of upgrading the clinical pharmacy performances and privilege is higher recommended with New Saudi vision 2030 to improve patient clinical outcome and avoid any economic burden of the healthcare system in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Activities, Clinical, Performances, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Adel Mehmas Alragas and Norah Omar Bin Haidarah} } @article {174, title = {National Survey of Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia-2017-2018: Workload Documentation}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {85-90}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the workload documentation of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia during 2017-2018. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey regarding the workload documentation of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: The first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 51 questions divided into four domains. These domains were derived from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) and Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) survey and the International Standard of Joint Commission of Hospital Accreditation in addition to the local standards of Saudi Center of Healthcare Accreditation. The four domains were clinical pharmacy administration and management, performances and activities, education and training and workload documentation. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain the responses. The questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the 31 directors of pharmacies at hospitals. In this study, we conducted a national survey of clinical pharmacy practice at hospitals in Saudi Arabia on workload analysis and documentation. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 31 hospitals and the total number of the patients who were followed up through clinical pharmacy services was 27.88 daily, 836.29 monthly, with 10.82 patients daily per hospital. The total number of prescriptions reviewed by the clinical pharmacist was 184.86 daily, 1294.05 monthly, with (68.77) patients daily per each hospital. Most of the documented clinical pharmacy services existed for medication errors (80.65\%), adverse drug reactions (77.42\%) and drug quality reporting (70.97\%). Most of the documentation of clinical impact and cost avoidance of clinical pharmacy services existed for drug information inquiries (61.29\%), medication errors (58.06\%) and adverse drug reactions (58.06\%). Most of the monthly workload analysis of clinical activities existed for the number of prescriptions (80.65\%), number of medication errors (70.97\%) and for adverse drug reactions (67.74\%). Conclusion: The documentation of workload of clinical pharmacy services is inadequate especially with respect to the clinical outcome and cost avoidance impact. Most of the clinical pharmacy activities were ordinary performances provided to few numbrer of patients. Improve the documentation of workload activities is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Documentation, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Workload}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Adel Mehmas Alragas and Norah Omar Bin Haidarah} } @article {160, title = {Pharmacist Intervention Documentation in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {19-24}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacist intervention documentation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional self-administrated survey on documentation of pharmacist intervention. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised of a questionnaire with 18 questions. The second part included policy and procedure, type of data through pharmacist intervention, reporting workload of pharmacist intervention documentation. All types of pharmacist professionals were included in this survey. We used a 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain the responses. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through the social media (WhatsApp) and other social media to more than 1000 pharmacist professionals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey was distributed in an electronic format and the data were analyzed through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 128 pharmacists responded to the survey. Of them, 106 (82.81\%) were Saudi and 22 (17.19\%) were non- Saudi professionals. The majority of the responders were in the age group of 25{\textendash}34 years and 35{\textendash}44 years (44.53\% and 25.00\%, respectively). Most of the responders had obtained Bachelor of Pharmacy (40 (31.25\%)) and Doctor of Pharmacy degree (33 (25.78\%)) and the majority of the pharmacists (112 (87.50\%)) were not accredited by the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialty. The average score of the administration element of pharmacist intervention documentation was 3.68 (73.66\%). Policies and procedures of pharmacist intervention documentation obtained the highest score (4.13 (82.6\%)) followed by the quality management (3.78 (75.60\%)) and education with training (3.76 (75.20\%)). Adverse drug reactions (92.86\%) and medication errors (91.19\%) were most of the recorded type of documentation and poisoning information inquiries (65.62\%) and medication reconciliation (80.31\%) were the least type of documentation, with an average 54.66\% documented electronically. Conclusion: The pharmacist intervention documentation was found to be acceptable in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The half of pharmacist intervention documentations was an electronic only. In the future, we recommend to improve the system and correct barriers related issues. This will enhance the process of documentation and explore the impact and role of the pharmacist in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Documentation, Intervention, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Workload}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ebtissam Mohammad Badawoud and Asma Al-Dosari and Asmaa Al-Fifi and Razan Al-Dossari and Haya Fahad bin Omar and Huda Al-Jaziri} } @article {166, title = {Pharmacist Privilege in Saudi Arabia: Pharmacist Prescribing and Therapeutic Interchange}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {50-54}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {50}, abstract = {

Objectives: To survey the pharmacist privilege in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of pharmacists privilege in Saudi Arabia. The study consists of two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part comprises 28 questions divided into four domains. These domains were derived from the previous literature and from the standards and regulations described by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). The domains were privilege management and resources, pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange, clinical and administration privilege, drug monitoring and healthcare education. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with closeand open-ended questions to obtain responses. The questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the director of pharmacy of various hospitals, deputy director, pharmacy quality management, clinical pharmacy coordinators, or any pharmacist assigned on behalf of hospital{\textquoteright}s director of pharmacy. The study discussed and analyzed pharmacist privilege in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 36 hospitals. The pharmacist privilege of prescribing was available only at 12 (32.14\%) hospitals. over-the-counter (OTC) medications (19 (90.48\%)) and vitamins (14 (66.67\%)) were most of the medications with pharmacist privilege of prescribing followed by minerals (11 (52.38\%)) and electrolytes (10 (47.62\%)), whereas NSAIDs (23 (63.89\%)), Vitamins (19 (52.78\%)), electrolytes (17 (47.22\%)) and antihistamine (15 (41.67\%)) were through therapeutic interchange program. Most of the pharmacists prescribing medication was through ambulatory care clinic (19 (52.78\%)) and when prescription was cosigned by the physician (19 (52.78\%)). The average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital{\textquoteright}s computerized physician order entry (CPOE) was 3.17 (63.46\%), whereas the average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital{\textquoteright}s CPOE alerting system was 2.97 (59.46\%). Conclusion: In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, pharmacist privilege in prescribing medications is very low. Most of the medications prescribed by the pharmacist were OTC drugs. Thepharmacist privilege in the Computerized Physician Order Entry is not adequate. We highly recommend the implementation of a comprehensive pharmacist privilege system and regulations ed in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Interchange, Pharmacist, Prescribing, Privilege, Saudi Arabia, Therapeutic}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.9}, author = {Faisal Al-Otaibi and Mohamed Soliman Imam and Randa Mansour Abdel-Sattar Ahmed and Amsha Alotaibi and Asma Alotaibi and Amal Alotaibi and Wesam Alsuwaid and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {168, title = {Practice and Perception of Pharmacist Intervention Documentation in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {60-65}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {60}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the practice and perceptions of pharmacist intervention documentation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional self-administered survey of documentation of pharmacist intervention. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised of a questionnaire with a total of 18 questions. There were domains: pharmacist intervention documentation elements, documentation of clinical impact and cost avoidance, the perception of pharmacist intervention and the barrier of pharmacist intervention documentation. All kinds of pharmacist professionals were included in the survey. We used 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses. There were open and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed in an electronic format through the social media (WhatsApp and others) to more than 1000 pharmacist professionals across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 128 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, 106 (82.81\%) were Saudi and 22 (17.19\%) were non-Saudi pharmacists. Majority of the responders were in the age group of 25{\textendash}34 years and 35{\textendash}44 years (44.53\% and 25.00\%, respectively). Most of the responders had obtained their Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy degree (40 (31.25\%)) and Diploma in Pharmacy (33 (25.78\%)) with the majority of pharmacists (112 (87.50\%)) not having accreditation for the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialty. Most of the pharmacist-reported intervention items was for brief description of the intervention (94.49 \%), date of intervention (93.75\%) and pharmacist{\textquoteright}s name/identification (93.70\%), whereas least reported items was the effect of cost-saving (45.57\%), time spent on providing intervention (51.61\%) and drug therapeutic classification (65.73\%). Most of the documentation of clinical impact and cost avoidance were related to the general pharmacist intervention (75.78\%), adverse drug reaction (72.66\%) and drug quality reporting (72.22\%). Most of the barriers that prevent documentation of pharmacist intervention was lack of time (98 (76.56\%)) followed by the statement {\textquotedblleft}there is no system for pharmacist intervention{\textquotedblright} (43 (33.59\%)) and {\textquotedblleft}the analysis of pharmacist intervention does not exist{\textquotedblright} (41 (32.03\%)). Conclusion: Half of the responder{\textquoteright}s showed compliance with the practice of pharmacist intervention documentation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The clinical impact and cost avoidance impact of the pharmacist does not adhere to the documentation with half of the responders. The electronic documentations of pharmacist intervention presented with half of the responders. We recommend to remove the barriers and encourage the pharmacist to carry out documentation. This will improve the system and will improve the clinical and economic benefit of the pharmacist in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Documentation, Intervention, Perception Pharmacist, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Elaf Mohamad Faraj and Asma Al-Dosari and Asmaa Al-Fifi and Razan Al-Dossari and Haya Fahad bin Omar and Huda Al-Jaziri} } @article {158, title = {Privileges of Pharmacist in Saudi Arabia: Administration and Management}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {7-12}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the privileges of pharmacists through the pharmacy administration and management in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey regarding the privileges of pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 28 questions divided into 4 domains. The questions were derived from previous literature and from the regulatory standards of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). The four domains were as follows: privilege management and resources, pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange, clinical and administration privilege and drug monitoring and healthcare education. The responses were obtained using a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions. The survey questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the hospital{\textquoteright}s director of pharmacy of each hospital in Saudi Arabia. In this study, we analyzed pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege in Saudi Arabia with regard to the pharmacy administration and management. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 36 hospitals. The administration-related elements of pharmacist privilege with maximum score were policies and procedures of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege (3.88 (77.6\%)) followed by the vision of pharmacist privilege (3.57 (71.4\%)) and pharmacist privilege in the job description (3.56 (71.2\%)). The average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital committees was 3.47 (69.40\%). Most of the committees having pharmacist privilege was the patient or medication safety committee (4.09 (81.8\%)) followed by the pharmacy and therapeutic committee (4.06 (81.2\%)) and quality management committee (4.06 (81.2\%)). The average score of pharmacist privilege in the teams was 3.44 (68.85\%). The majority of the teams having pharmacist privilege was antibiotics team (4.25 (85\%)) followed by anticoagulation team (3.86 (77.2\%)) and IV therapy team (3.81 (76.2\%)). Conclusion: The privileges of a pharmacists is inadequate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Future programs should target to improve the healthcare system and expand pharmacists{\textquoteright} role in the hospital practice. This might improve the pharmaceutical care services and patient outcomes and prevent drug-related problems and unnecessary economic expenditure on the healthcare practice in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Administration, Management, Pharmacist, Privileges, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.2}, author = {Faisal Al-Otaibi and Mohamed Soliman Imam and Randa Mansour Abdel-Sattar Ahmed and Amsha Alotaibi and Asma Alotaibi and Amal Alotaibi and Wesam Alsuwaid and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {159, title = {Privileges of Pharmacist in Saudi Arabia: Clinical and Administrative Activities}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {13-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {13}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the privileges of pharmacists through the clinical and administrative activities in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey regarding clinical and administrative privileges of pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 28 questions divided into 4 domains. The questions were derived from previous literature and from the regulatory standards of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). The four domains were as follows: privilege management and resources, pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange, clinical and administration privilege and drug monitoring and healthcare education. The responses were obtained using a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions. The survey questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the director of pharmacy of each hospital in Saudi Arabia. In this study, we analyzed pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege in Saudi Arabia with regard to the clinical and administrative activities. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 36 hospitals. The average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital pharmacy practice program was 3.16 (63.13\%). Most of the pharmacy practice programs having pharmacist privilege were nonformulary requests (3.69 (73.8\%)), patient counseling (3.60 (72\%)) and medication errors preventing and monitoring (3.58 (71.6\%)). The average score of clinical privilege for a pharmacist was 2.95 (58.97\%). The maximum score of clinical privileges for a pharmacist were to answer questions from all healthcare professionals (3.83 (76.6\%)), to decrease drug dosing (3.47 (69.4\%)) and to change drug strength (3.4 (68\%)). The average score of pharmacist administration privilege was 3.14 (62.75\%). The administration privileges for pharmacists were to conduct educational courses (3.81 (76.2\%)) followed by to setup vision and mission (3.71 (74.20\%)) and to conduct training programs (3.64 (72.80\%)). Conclusion: The clinical and administrative privileges of a pharmacist is not well established in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Most of the clinical and administrative privileges were regular and primary duties. Therefore, it is important to update the policies and procedures of clinical and administrative privileges given to a pharmacist with more engagement in the pharmacy practice. These practices are highly recommended in order to improve pharmaceutical care implementation at hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Activities, Administrative, Clinical, Pharmacist, Privileges, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.3}, author = {Faisal Al-Otaibi and Mohamed Soliman Imam and Randa Mansour Abdel-Sattar Ahmed and Amsha Alotaibi and Asma Alotaibi and Amal Alotaibi and Wesam Alsuwaid and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {167, title = {Privileges of Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia: Drug Monitoring and Providing Education to Healthcare Professionals}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {55-59}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the privileges of pharmacists with regard to the drug monitoring and providing education to healthcare professionals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey regarding drug monitoring and providing education to healthcare professionals in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 28 questions divided into 4 domains. The questions were derived from previous literature and from the regulatory standards of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). The four domains were as follows: management and resources, pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange, clinical and administration privilege and drug monitoring and healthcare education. The responses were obtained using a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions. The survey questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the director of pharmacy. In this study, we analyzed pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege with regard to drug monitoring and the education of healthcare providers. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 36 hospitals. Most of the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege in drug monitoring and documentation of the clinical impact and cost avoidance was related to patient counseling (90.63\%), adverse drug reactions (88.24\%) and drug quality reporting (87.50\%). Most of the candidates were students from Diploma in Pharmacy (50.00\%) followed by (47.22\%) pharmacy student and (44.44\%) pharmacy technician. Majority of the pharmacists having privileges in providing education and training was available for pharmacists and clinical pharmacists. Finally, pharmacy technicians delivered most of the education and training to general physicians, nurses and specialist physicians. Conclusion: In Saudi Arabia, privileges of a pharmacist with regard to drug monitoring do not exist in various departments of hospitals such as neonates, pediatrics and geriatrics patients. Regular and clinical pharmacists had most of the privileges in providing education and training to the healthcare professionals and few of the healthcare professionals received education and training by the pharmacists. Therefore, there is an increasing demand of a comprehensive awareness program about privileges of a pharmacist in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Drug Monitoring, Education, Healthcare, Pharmacists, Privileges, Professionals, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.10}, author = {Faisal Al-Otaibi and Mohamed Soliman Imam and Randa Mansour Abdel-Sattar Ahmed and Amsha Alotaibi and Asma Alotaibi and Amal Alotaibi and Wesam Alsuwaid and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {176, title = {Reliability and Validity of Biostatical Analysis used for Pharmacy Research Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {96-104}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {96}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare reliability and validity of Biostatical Analysis used for Pharmacy Research Survey in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the research team. It{\textquoteright}s based on the updated literature, national and international accreditation standards organizations. The Internal consistency, reliability through inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, Split half reliability (Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6) and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha. The validity contained of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52\%). The among responders were males [108 (61.77\%)] and females [101 (48.33\%)]. The three tests had been done with reliability of 31 questions. The completed responders (185) (mean {\textpm} SD) was 3.236 {\textpm} 0.326 and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were 0.980, 0.980 and 0.990, respectively with CI 95\% (0.975-0.983) and inter-item coloration was 0.607, while the item-total coloration \>0.53 and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 value if deleted was \>0.97. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of sampling adequacy was 0.966 and Bartlett{\textquoteright}s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was \<0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions was \>0.57, the related components were four of all 31 questions in four components as suggested. They were not confirmed by confirmatory with statistically significant (p\<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot and pathway analysis and fit not with the original survey changed to 3 factor loading. The confirmatory factor index was (0.761), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was (0.737), Goodness of fit index (GFI) was (0.844) and expected cross validation index (ECVI) (9.029). The collinearity of 23 questions was autocorrelation (2.609e -5) with not statistically significant (p=0.951). The majority of 23 question had Enjuone value close to number 1, while 11 questions had condition index more than 30. All of the 23 questions had The Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 except four questions and had tolerance more than 0.1 except four questions. Conclusion: The reliability and validity related to the corrected survey of biostatistics analysts used in pharmaceutical research in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were high. The pharmacy practice was properly used in further future research in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Biostatical Analysis, Knowledge, Pharmacy, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Survey, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ismail Hassan Amer Abu Rayah} } @article {161, title = {Reliability and Validity of EBM Resources of Pharmacy Research Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {25-32}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare reliability and validity of EBM Resources Knowledge used for Pharmacy Research Survey in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the researcher team. It{\textquoteright}s based on the updated literature, national and international accreditation standards organizations. The internal consistency reliability through, inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, split half reliability (Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6) and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha. The validity contained of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52\%). The responders were males 108 (61.77\%) and females 101 (48.33\%). The three tests had been done with reliability of 16 questions. The completed number of responders (200) (mean {\textpm} SD) was 3.179 {\textpm} 0.436, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were 0.967, 0.966 and 0.976, respectively, inter-item coloration was 0.719, the item-total coloration \>0.7, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 value if deleted was \>0.97. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of sampling adequacy was 0.941 and Bartlett{\textquoteright}s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was \<0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions were \>0.58, the related components were one of the rotated component matrix \>0.59 of all 16 questions in component 1 as suggested. They were established by confirmatory with statistically significant (p\<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot, pathway analysis and fit with the original survey. The confirmatory factor index was 0.862, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was 0.841, Goodness of fit index (GFI) was 0.906 and Expected cross validation index (ECVI) was 3.270. The collinearity of 16 questions was the auto-correlation was 0.066 with not statically significant (p=0.317). The majority of 16 questions had Enjuone value close to number 1, while 3 questions only had condition index more than 30. All of the 16 questions had The Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 and had tolerance more than 0.1. Conclusion: The pharmacist survey knowledge of evidence-based medicine resources for pharmacy practice and distributed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia had high reliability and validity scale level. The pharmacy researcher can utilized surveys with an adequate number of sample sizes with further research in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {EBM, Knowledge, Pharmacy, Reliability, Research, Resources, Saudi Arabia, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ebtissam Mohammad Badawoud} } @article {169, title = {Reliability and Validity of Pharmacy Research Knowledge Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {66-75}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {66}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare reliability and validity of pharmacy research knowledge survey in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the researcher team. It{\textquoteright}s based on the updated literature and national and international accreditation standards organizations. The internal consistency reliability through, inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, split half reliability (Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6), McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω and Cronbach alpha. The validity contained of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52\%). The among responders were males 108 (61.77\%) and females 101 (48.33\%). The three tests had been done with reliability of 21 questions. The completed number of responders (188) (mean{\textpm}SD) was 3.179 {\textpm} 0.436 and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were 0.983, 0.983 and 0.988, respectively with CI 95\% (0.979-0.986) and the item-total coloration \>0.7, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 value if deleted was \>0.98. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was (0.966) and Bartlett{\textquoteright}s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was \<0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions were \>0.583, the related components were one with the rotated component matrix \>0.763 of all 21 questions in component 1 as suggested. They were established by confirmatory with statistically significant (p\<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot, pathway analysis and fit with the original survey. The confirmatory factor index was 0.878, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was 0.865, Goodness of fit index (GFI) was 0.862 and Expected cross validation index (ECVI) 5.101. The collinearity of 21 questions was the auto-correlation was 0.010 with not statically significant (p=0.816). The majority of 21 question had Enjuone value had close to number 1, while 12 questions only had condition index more than 30. All 16 of the questions had the Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 and had tolerance more than 0.1. Conclusion: The reliability and validity of the pharmacy research knowledge survey in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were high. The researcher can use it in the future with the same goal and acceptable sample size.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Pharmacy, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Survey, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Adel Sadeq} } @article {162, title = {Reliability and Validity of Pharmacy Research Proposal Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {33-40}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {33}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore reliability and validity of pharmacy research proposal survey in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the researcher team. It{\textquoteright}s based on the updated literature, national and international accreditation standards organizations. The internal consistency reliability through, inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, split half reliability (Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6), McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω and Cronbach alpha. The validity consisted of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP) Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52\%). The among responders were males 108 (61.77\%) and females 101 (48.33\%). The three tests had been done of reliability of 17 questions of responders (204). The tests mean{\textpm}SD was 3.788 {\textpm} 0.163, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were 0.975, 0.975 and 0.987, respectively and inter-item coloration was 0.705. The item-total coloration \>0.7, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 value if deleted was \>0.97. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was 0.954 and Bartlett{\textquoteright}s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was \<0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions was \>0.7, the related components were two with the rotated component matrix \>0.7 of all 17 questions in components 1 and 2 as suggested. They were confirmed by confirmatory with statistically significant (p\<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot, pathway analysis and fit with the original survey. The confirmatory factor index was 0.871, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was 0.853, Goodness of fit index (GFI) was 0.912, Expected cross validation index (ECVI) was 4.299. The collinearity of 17 questions was auto-correlation was 0.058 with not statically significant (p=0.403). The majority of 17 questions had Enjuone value had close to number 1, while 7 questions only had condition index less than 30. Most of questions had the Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 except 4 questions, while only 4 questions had tolerance less than 0.1. Conclusion: The reliability and validity of a survey about knowledge of pharmacy proposals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were high. The pharmacist in pharmacy research practice can utilize the survey in the future.

}, keywords = {Pharmacy, Proposal, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Survey, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Adel Sadeq} } @article {172, title = {Reliability for Pharmacy Projects and Research: A New Initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {79-81}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare reliability for pharmacy projects and research used in the pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project reliability for pharmacy projects and research programs. The projects drove international reliability guidelines and the global business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initial plan is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The reliability of pharmacy projects and research services that defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical, on the healthcare system, as described in the review-the continuation of the services assured by risk management elements description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the projects as illustrated. The transition to operation project though the closing project stage shown in the analysis. Conclusion: The reliability of pharmacy projects and research services is a new initiative project in pharmacy practice. There various tools of authenticity can be started implemented during pharmacy data collection; it is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Pharmacy, Projects, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {164, title = {The Validity of the Pharmacy Projects and Research: A New Initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {41-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the validity tools used in the pharmacy practice project or research in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project of the validity of pharmacy projects and research. The projects drove the international validity guidelines, the global business model and pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initial project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The validity of the pharmacy projects and research services that defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on the healthcare system, as described in the review. The continuation of the services assured by risk management elements description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the projects as illustrated. The transition to operation project though the closing project stage shown in the analysis. Conclusion: The validity of pharmacy projects and research is a new initiative project in pharmacy quality management and pharmacy research tools. Various methods of validation procedure services can be underway in the pharmacy practice to validate the appropriate and collection of the pharmacy data and it is highly suggested in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Pharmacy, Projects, Research, Saudi Arabia, Services, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Basmah Sulimain AlHamdan} } @article {139, title = {Analysis of Antimicrobial Medication Consumption in Intensive Care Unit, North West (Tabuk) Region Hospitals, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {119-123}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Objectives: This article describes antimicrobial medication use among different age groups and the cost associated with it in intensive care units at North West (Tabuk) hospitals, Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study to explore the antimicrobial medication use in intensive care units at North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 12-month antimicrobial drug use by intensive care units at North West region hospitals which included critical care for adults, pediatrics and neonates. The medications selected by Central Antibiotics committee at MOH as part of the National Antimicrobial Stewardship program. The consumption was driven from pharmacy database and calculated based on off standard unit of antimicrobials per hospital. The antimicrobials consisted of antibacterial drugs, antifungal and antiviral medications. The cost of antimicrobial consumption was calculated by using the Ministry of Health National Cost database. All cost used were as US currency. Results: The total number of antimicrobial standard units were (14,305) and average (2,861) per hospital. The highest drug consumption was Ceftriaxone 1 gm injection (2724) followed by Imipenem 500 mg injection (1251) and Vancomycin 500 injection (1165). The total cost of Antimicrobial consumption was (53,884.95 USD) and (10,777 USD) per each hospital. The highest cost medication consumption from Adults critical care 73.42\% (39,562.33 USD) followed by pediatrics critical care 18.15\% (9,779.93 USD) and Neonates critical care 8.43\% (4,542.68 USD). The highest medication cost was very broad-spectrum antibiotics like Meropenem, Imipenem and Ceftriaxone. It consumed more than 50\% of the cost burden. Conclusion: This study is the first in Saudi Arabia, Gulf and Middle East countries. Health system pharmacist leaders are targeting to implement the antimicrobial stewardship program and National Drug Utilization Evaluation system to control unnecessary medication expenditure and prevent misuse of medicines.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Medications, Ministry of Health, Patient, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Ghormallah Abdullah Alghamdi and Samira Ali Asiri} } @article {141, title = {Analysis of Antimicrobial Medications Consumption in Inpatient Units at North West (Tabuk) Region Hospitals, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {130-134}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {130}, abstract = {

Background: This article aims to explore antimicrobial medication consumption and related cost among different age groups in inpatient units at North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, and Saudi Arabia. Objectives: To explore the selected antimicrobial medication consumption in inpatient units at North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. To increase the awareness of antimicrobial medication consumption side effect. Methods: It is a 9-month study about antimicrobial drug use by inpatients at North West region hospitals. It included inpatient department for adults, pediatrics and neonates. The medications were selected by Central Antibiotics committee at MOH as part of the National Antimicrobial Stewardship program. The consumption is driven from pharmacy database and calculated based on off-stranded unit of antimicrobial per hospital. The antimicrobials consisted of antibacterial drugs, antifungal and antiviral medications. The cost of antimicrobial consumption was calculated by using Ministry of Health National Cost database. All cost used as US currency. Results: The total number of Antimicrobial standard units was (25,845) and average (5,169) per hospital. The highest drug consumption was Ceftriaxone 1 gm injection (3,712) followed by Ceftazidime 1 gm injection (1807) and Gentamicin IV 80 mg (1,011) at adult{\textquoteright}s inpatient wards. The total cost of Antimicrobial consumption was (6,829,003.42 USD) and (1,365,800.68 USD) per hospital. The highest cost medication consumption from Adults inpatient departments was 99.62\% (6,803,229.92 USD) followed by pediatrics inpatient 0.24\% (16,087.6 USD) and Neonatal inpatient departments 0.14\% (9,685.9 USD). The highest medication cost was for very broad-spectrum antibiotics like Meropenem, Imipenem and Ceftriaxone. It consumed more than 50\% of the cost burden. Conclusion: There was very high consumption of antimicrobial drugs inpatient department with huge cost burden. Urgent application of antimicrobial stewardship program especially adults{\textquoteright} inpatients departments is a mandate and urgent.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Consumption, Hospitals, Inpatient, Medications, Ministry of Health, North West (Tabuk), Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.24}, author = {Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghormallah Abdullah Alghamdi and Rasha Saad Alshahrani} } @article {138, title = {Analysis of Pharmacy Practice Factors on Pharmacy Career Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {113-118}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore analysis of pharmacy practice factors on pharmacist career satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross section survey of analysis of pharmacy services factors on pharmacist career satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 44 questions divided into twopart demographic information and the second part was the questions about pharmacy services units of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management structure, dispensing and patient education, clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy technology, pharmacy store and overall job satisfaction. The 5-points Likert response scale system closed and ended questions were used. The survey was made as an electronic format and it analyzed through survey monkey system. Results: The total responders were 242. The gender distribution 169 (70.7\%) was male and 70 (29.3\%) was female. The majority of them 202 (84.2\%) were in age group (20-39) years. The average pharmacist satisfaction score of pharmacy management structure was (3.07), clinical pharmacy activities was (3.08). The average pharmacist satisfaction of pharmacy informatics was (2.78) and patient counselling satisfaction was (3.83). The average pharmacist satisfaction score of pharmacy store factors were (2.87) and the overall job satisfaction was (3.61). Conclusion: The low level of pharmacy services with an emphasis on information technology and pharmacy inventory management affected pharmacist job satisfaction. Those factors increase pharmacist workload and dissatisfactory in pharmacy job.

}, keywords = {Career, Factors, Job, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Practice, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.21}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig Rph and Budoor Emad Aloumi and Reem Saad Alsubaie and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi} } @article {135, title = {Antimicrobial Drug Consumption in Ambulatory Care Settings, Tabuk Region, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {97-101}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Objectives: During the 21st century, Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the principal public health problems worldwide. In the coming 20 years, health care systems may be incapable to treat bacterial diseases proficiently due to this miracle. We analyzed data from the North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia to determine the level of knowledge regarding drug consumption among patients attending five hospitals in ambulatory care settings. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at North West Region Hospitals in Tabuk city, Saudi Arabia for 9 months. The study contestants were selected from different outpatient departments. National Antimicrobial stewardship program highly demand at our country because of poor insight of antibiotics and misappropriation of antibiotics and poor adherence of antibiotics guidelines. Antibiotic consumption is driven from pharmacy database and calculated based on stranded unit of antimicrobial per each hospital. The total cost expenditure of antimicrobial drug consumption was calculated by Ministry of Health National Cost database. The predictable cost expressed in USD. All data and variables analyzed by Microsoft Excel program version 10. Results: The number of antimicrobial drug consumption in ambulatory care settings in the Saudi Arabia were 25,116 i.e. average 5,023.2 per hospital respectively. The highest drug consumption at all ambulatory care visits were azithromycin tablet (10,932), followed by azithromycin syrup (7,760) and moxifloxacin tablet (3218). The overall antimicrobial consumption was 37,620.12 USD and 7,524.02 USD per each hospital. The overall cost medication consumption were adults ambulatory care departments 69.42\% (26,114.79 USD), followed by pediatrics ambulatory care departments 24.52\% (9,226.018 USD) and neonates ambulatory care departments 6.06\% (2,279.32 USD). The highest medication cost was very broad-spectrum antibiotics like Levofloxacin, Linezolid PO IV and Moxifloxacin PO. It disbursed more than 50\% of the cost burden. Conclusion: Our results exposed a very high obliviousness of antimicrobial drug consumption and its contributing factors among the study contestants. Ambulatory care settings had a high consumption of antimicrobial drugs with burden cost. Thus, health education and responsiveness are highly and instantly suggested to address antimicrobial drug consumption and related resistances in the Tabuk area at ambulatory care settings. Antimicrobial stewardship program at Ambulatory care clinics is necessary to prevent bugs related resistance, improve patient outcome and avoid unnecessary cost on hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ambulatory care clinics, Antimicrobial, Consumption, Hospitals, North West (Tabuk), Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.18}, author = {Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghormallah Abdullah Alghamdi} } @article {137, title = {Antimicrobial Drug Consumption in Emergency Services at North West (Tabuk) Region Hospitals, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {108-112}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {108}, abstract = {

Objectives: This article describes antimicrobial medication use among different age groups and the cost associated with it in emergency department at Northern West (Tabuk) hospitals, Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study to declare the antimicrobial medication use in emergency Units at North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 12-month antimicrobial drug consumption by emergency services at North West region hospitals. It included all adults, pediatrics and neonatal population. The medications were selected by Central Antibiotics committee at MOH as part of the National Antimicrobial Stewardship program. The consumption is driven from pharmacy database and calculated based on off stranded unit of antimicrobial per hospital. The cost of antibiotics consumption was calculated by using Ministry of Health National Cost database. All cost used was as US currency. Results: The total number of Antimicrobial standard units at Emergency departments were (8,805.00) with average (1,761.00) per hospital. The highest general drug consumption was Azithromycin PO 200 mg/15 ml (4253) and Ceftriaxone IV 1 g (805) and Gentamicin IV 80 mg (401) at Emergency departments. The total cost of antimicrobial consumption was (24,822.60 USD) and (4,964.52 USD) per hospital. The highest cost medication consumption from Adults Emergency departments was 59.85\% (24,822.60 USD) followed by pediatrics Emergency departments 28.99\% (7,197.03 USD) and Neonates Emergency departments of 11.16\% (2,769.98 USD). The highest medication cost was for very broad-spectrum antibiotics like Meropenem IV, Azithromycin PO and Moxifloxacin IV. It consumed more than 60 \% of the cost burden. Conclusion: The Emergency department had a high consumption of antimicrobial drugs with burden cost. Antimicrobial stewardship program at Emergency services are necessary to prevent bugs related resistance, improve patient outcome and avoid necessary additional economic burden on healthcare system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Consumption, Emergency, Hospitals, North West (Tabuk), Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.20}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Ghormallah Abdullah Alghamdi and Nora Ali Abboud} } @article {130, title = {Antipsychotic medication therapy during the holy month of Ramadan: a literature review}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {79-83}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

Objectives: To review the antipsychotic medication therapy during the holy month of Ramadan. Methods: In this study, we performed an extensive search of 50 databases through the Saudi Digital Library search engine. We included meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies published in English language in May 2017. The search terms included Ramadan, fasting, medication, therapy, type of disease, and medication based on therapeutic class. The search on antipsychotic and anti-epileptic medication list and switch from regular days to Ramadan days included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of type of medication for each disease and national or international evidencebased guidelines including those switching short half-life to long half-life drugs. All nonoral dosage form of medication will be excluded in this study. All medications should be documented in the Ministry of Health drug formulary. Results: A total of 710 studies were shortlisted after an extensive search with specific terms. Of those, 104 studies were duplicate studies; therefore only 606 studies were included for further evaluation. The evaluation revealed that 27 studies discussed about the antipsychotic medications and Ramadan. Of these, only five were appropriate for further revision. According to our results, most of the studies were observational studies and a few have conducted experimental design studies. Three studies have a shared or similar study design (i.e., reports). Among all the reports analyzed in this study, most of them used study design. On the contrary, three studies mentioned the utilization of a descriptive approach; however, none of the studies mentioned the exact type of descriptive analysis conducted. One study was a clinical review and another study mentioned the applicability of a randomized controlled trial. Based on this, the authors suggested switching the antipsychotic and anti-epileptic medication from regular days to Ramadan days. Conclusion: There are no randomized clinical trials in the literature to validate the switching of medication from regular to Ramadan days. A list of antipsychotic medications that can be used to switch during Ramadan is highly warranted. Further studies to validate the medication used to treat psychiatric conditions during the holy month of Ramadan is recommended.

}, keywords = {Antipsychotic, Medication, Ramadan, Review, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Jude Alhowaidi and Raneem Alzeer and Ali Alhowaidi and Nora Alhowaidi} } @article {133, title = {Basic Knowledge of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs among Saudi Community}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {93-96}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {93}, abstract = {

Objectives: The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is a rising problem in the modern medical world. NSAIDs are easily available over the counter and accessible to the public. As such, we have seen a need to assess the knowledge and perception of public use of NSAIDs. In this study, we aimed to explore the knowledge of public use of NSAIDs among the participants from major metropolitan areas in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study conducted for a period of 6 months using a questionnaire, which was developed to evaluate the use of NSAIDs in several major metropolitan areas among the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This questionnaire was randomly distributed digitally using the Survey Monkey system to individuals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia via social networking sites. The survey collected demographic data, age, education, socioeconomic status. The patient knowledge about the administration of NSAIDs status with meals, side effects, expiry date, resource information and related knowledge issues. The data were tabulated and analyzed by using SPSS version 13. Results: In this study, a total of 3000 patients received the questionnaire and of them, 500 responded, which means the response rate was 16.6\%. The highest percentage of responders were in the age group of 40 years and above (52.63\% n=263). Majority of the responders were those who had a university degree (66.20\% (n=329)). According to our results, 63.31\% (n=316) of the participants they knew how to take NSAIDs, i.e. with or without food is essential. Approximately 45\% (n=224) of the participants knew about the possible side effects of NSAIDs. Half of the study population thought that expiry date is the time by which drugs become ineffective, whereas 33.81\% (n=169) of the participants thought that drugs become toxic after this time. Around 61.87\% (n=309) of the participants obtained information about NSAIDs from the package insert, whereas 32.45\% (n=162) of the participants obtained information from the internet. Conclusion: The primary knowledge regarding NSAIDs is inadequate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Patient education about NSAIDs is highly recommended at healthcare institutions to prevent drug-related mistake, reduce economic burden on the healthcare system in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Patient, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.17}, author = {Amani Abdullah Bahdailah} } @article {128, title = {Cardiovascular medication therapy during the holy month of Ramadan: a literature review}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {69-74}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {69}, abstract = {

Objectives: To review cardiovascular medication therapy during the Holy month of Ramadan. Methods: In this study, we performed an extensive search of 50 databases through the Saudi Digital Library search engine. We included meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies published in English language in May 2017. The search terms included Ramadan, fasting, medication, therapy, type of disease and medication based on therapeutic class. The list of cardiovascular medications and switch from regular days to Ramadan days based on literature revealed that{\textquoteright}s included comparative safety studies, efficacy and cost of type of medication for each disease studies and national or international evidence-based guidelines of switching short half-life to long half-life. All parenteral dosage form of medication were excluded from this study. All medications should be listed in the Ministry of Health drug formulary. Results: A total of 710 studies were obtained after an extensive search with specific terms. Of those, 104 studies were duplicate studies and 606 studies were included for further evaluation. The evaluation revealed that there were 30 studies published on cardiovascular medications and Ramadan. Seven studies were further evaluated. The authors recommend to have a list of cardiovascular medications that can be switched from regular days to Ramadan days. Conclusion: There were very studies about cardiovascular medications use during the holy month of Ramadan. Suggested usage of the frequency administration single or twice daily is required during fasting. Future investigations of cardiovascular medication intake during Ramadan is highly recommended in Muslim countries.

}, keywords = {Cardiovascular, Medication, Review, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar} } @article {116, title = {The Clinical Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions at Critical Care Services of Private Hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {16-19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {16}, abstract = {

Objective: Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group (HMG) of Hospitals is one of the largest private chains of hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. At HMG, the clinical pharmacy services were started in 2015 which provides services to the acute and chronic cases of neonates, pediatrics and adults. In this study, we aimed to explore the clinical and economic outcomes of providing clinical pharmacy services at critical care units at a private hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This was a 6-month cross-sectional study conducted from January to June 2016 at the critical care unit of HMG involving adult patients. The critical care unit has 30 beds dedicated to the treatment of trauma, medical, surgical and maternity patients. The clinical pharmacist monitors all patients through daily medical rounds and documents any intervention that needs to be provided to the patient. The pharmacist intervention system utilized an international study model, a measure of the level of activity, rational of clinical intervention, recommendation and patient outcome. Results: A total number of 1222 pharmacist interventions were provided to 1124 adult patients. The highest number of critical care interventions were found to be potentially significant (610 (49.9\%)) followed by potentially serious (360 (29.5\%)) and neutral (249 (20.4\%)) cases. Anti-infective medications (185 (25.9\%)) were the most category of intervention provided followed by cardiovascular medications (96 (13.5\%)) and gastro-intestinal medications (73 (10.2\%)). The documented rationale of clinical intervention activities was others (203 (28.7\%)), inappropriate dose (122 (17.3\%)) and therapeutic duplication ((99 (14\%)). Most of the patient outcomes were unknown (539 (44.1\%)) followed by patient condition improved (408 (33.4\%)) and therapeutic endpoint reached (133 (10.9\%)). Conclusion: The clinical pharmacy services at critical care units of a private hospital is a significant and essential component for patients care. The clinical pharmacist prevents the occurrence of drug-related problems in addition to saving additional economic burden on the healthcare system at HMG in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical outcomes, Critical care services, Interventions, Pharmacist, Private hopsital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal El-Bahnasawi and Mohammed Kamran and Tasneen Shaweesh and Soha Alhaj} } @article {140, title = {Communication and Relationships Factors of Pharmacy Career Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {124-129}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Objectives: This article describes the overall job satisfaction of pharmacists working in Saudi Arabia by exploring their communication and relationship with supervisors and patients. The aim of this study to declare the communications and relationship factors of Pharmacist Job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-months cross section survey of communication and relationship factors on Pharmacist Job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of forty-three questions divided into two-part demographic information and the second part was the questions about communication and relationships factors of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy supervisors, relationship with coworkers and pharmacist interaction with other healthcare providers, the customer interaction and overall job satisfaction. Results: The total responders were two hundred and forty-two. The gender distribution 169 (70.7\%) was male and 70 (29.3\%) was female. The majority of them 202 (84.2\%) were in age (20-39). The average satisfaction score of pharmacy supervisors{\textquoteright} factors was (3.0), pharmacist interaction with other healthcare providers{\textquoteright} factors was (3.34) while the customer interaction was (2.81) and the pharmacist relationship with coworkers was (3.67). Most of the pharmacist found the challenges at their job were (77.6\%). Some responders wished to change their pharmacy career (43.75\%) while (61.66\%) liked to stay in the pharmacy field. The overall job satisfaction scores were (3.61). Conclusion: Most of the pharmacists not satisfied with their job because of the supervisor relationship and non-existent patient education services. The pharmacy supervisors of hospital pharmacies demanded management tools and communication skills with their colleagues. In addition, patient counselling program should be implemented at healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Career, Communication, Factors, Pharmacy, Relationships, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig and Saima Qaism and Khurram Shahzad and Budoor Emad Aloumi and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Reem Saad Alsubaie} } @article {155, title = {Cost Analysis and Cost Impact of Pharmacy Services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {ii}, type = {Editorial}, chapter = {ii}, abstract = {

The general administration of pharmaceutical care strategic planning founded during 2010- 2020 with an emphasis on Pharmacoeconomic and cost analysis related issues.1 The evaluation of the previous plan and updated of pharmacy strategic plan with new Saudi vision 2030 released in 2018 included the cost analysis of pharmacy services and cost avoidance of impact clinical pharmacy services.2 Within a short time, several publications discussed the necessary foundations of Pharmacy services. The cost was demandable to quantify the services and calculated as cost expenditures to determine the new economic income from each pharmacy service. Also, to estimate the impact of cost avoidance of pharmacy services provided to the patient. Several methods used to calculate the cost of pharmacy services. The conventional techniques were calculated the time spent with each clinical activity and salary paid to the pharmacist. The other method used for cost calculation was determined the fixed cost including personal cost, material and supply cost, fixed expenses including direct cost, nonsalary cost and overhead cost. All price was used US dollar currency. The cost impact or avoidance method was from drug-related morbidity and mortality cost avoidance. The technique is widely used in local or international researches.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.37}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {146, title = {Cost Analysis of Delivery Adult Medication Therapy Services at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S1-S3}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S1}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the cost analysis of drug delivery therapy services for adults{\textquoteright} population at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia by using American Model with local cost. Methods: It is a cross-sectional 6-months analysis of drug distribution services for adult patients conducted in 2016. It was at 300-bed maternity and pediatrics hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The cost calculated adults drug therapy management services delivered to 144 beds. The physician prescribed the medications. The pharmacist reviewed and prepared drugs and distributed through the unit dose system, floor stock distribution and discharge medication services. The fast-moving oral and topical medications were included in the study. The cost model was calculated based on variable expenses including personal cost, material and supply cost. The fixed cost was including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All cost was used of US dollar currency and local prices. Results: The estimated cost of drug delivery therapy services for all total number adults{\textquoteright} beds per day was (1,191.965 USD). It contained three types; the unit dose system (761.35 USD), drug floor stock distribution system (334.99 USD) and discharge medication system (95.62 USD). The cost of delivery of medicines to single bed per day was (13.99 USD) with the highest estimated cost of delivery from discharge medication (6.37 USD), followed by unit dose services (5.29 USD) and floor stock therapy (2.33 USD). The total estimated annual expenditures of drug distribution services were (435,067.15 USD). Conclusion: In this adults medication therapy services cost-estimation the first study was conducted at MOH in Saudi Arabia. It is an essential necessary element of the Pharmacoeconomic program and implements Saudi{\textquoteright}s future vision 2030 for drug therapy health care services.

}, keywords = {Adult, Cost, Delivery, Distrubution, Medication, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Services, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.28}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Tahani Alotaibi} } @article {149, title = {Cost Analysis of Neonatal Drug Distribution Services at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S17-S19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S17}, abstract = {

Objectives: The cost estimation of delivery of drug therapy management (unit dose, floor stock and discharge) for neonatal inpatient is a part of the pharmacoeconomic program and changing the system to the Saudi vision 2030 at MOH in Saudi Arabia. The study explored the cost calculations of delivery of drug therapy services for neonate{\textquoteright}s population by using American Model with local cost. Methods: It is cross-sectional 6-months analysis of drug distribution services for neonate patients conducted in 2016. It was at 300-Bed Maternity and Pediatrics Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The cost analysis consisted of three domains. Domain one; the cost of delivery of Adults drug therapy management with 144 beds. Domain two; the cost of delivery of pediatrics drug treatment services with 55 beds. Domain three; cost of delivery for neonate{\textquoteright}s therapy services with 82 beds. For each domain, the physician prescribed the medications. The pharmacist reviewed and prepared drugs and distributed through unit dose system, floor stock distribution and discharge medications. The nurse administered drugs and followed up with doctors. The drugs were prepared through ASHP standards and facilities. The oral and topical ready to deliver drugs were included in the study while sterile product and compounding formulations were excluded from the study. The cost was derived from Ministry of Health information database. The cost model was calculated based on variable expenses including personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All cost was used US dollar currency and local prices. This study analyses the three domains. Results: The estimated daily cost of neonatal unit dose drug distribution system for all total pediatrics 82 beds was (1,303.31 US). It contained three types; the unit dose system (794.83 USD), drug floor stock distribution system (371.37 USD) and discharge medication system (137.11 USD). The cost of delivery of medicines to single bed per day was (41.64 USD) with highest estimated cost of delivery from discharge medication (27.42 USD), followed by unit dose services (9.69 USD) and floor stock therapy (4.53 USD). The majority of cost came from overhead cost in floor stock services and discharge medication delivery; while the personal cost in unit dose services delivery. The total estimated annual expenditures of drug distribution services were (475,708.15 USD). Conclusion: The estimated cost of delivery of neonatal medication therapy is a part of the pharmacoeconomic program at pharmacy services and future vision 2030 in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Analysis, Cost, Distribution, Drug, Ministry of Health, Neonatal, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.32}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Tahani Alotaibi and Awatif Faraj Alshammari and Nouf Alhaze} } @article {150, title = {Cost of Pediatrics Drug Therapy Services at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S9-S11}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S9}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the estimation cost of delivery drug therapy services for pediatrics by using American Model with local cost in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-sectional 6-months analysis of drug distribution services for pediatric conducted in 2016. It was at 300-bed maternity and pediatrics Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The cost was calculated pediatrics drug therapy management services delivered to 55 beds. The physician prescribed the medications. The pharmacist reviewed and prepared drugs and distributed through unit dose system, floor stock distribution and discharge medications services. The medications were prepared through ASHP standards and facilities. The fast moving oral and topical medications were included in the study. The cost model was calculated based on variable expenses including personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed cost was including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All cost was used of US dollar currency and local prices. Results: The estimated cost of delivery of drug therapy services for all total number pediatrics beds per day was (1,214.68 USD). It consisted of three types; the unit dose system (771.89 USD), drug floor stock distribution system (350.32 USD) and discharge medication services (92.47 USD). The majority of cost came from overhead cost in floor stock services and discharge medication delivery; compared to the personal cost in unit dose services delivery. The total estimated annual expenditures of Drug distribution services were (443,358.20 USD). The highest budget expenditures from unit dose services 63.55\% (281,739.85 USD), followed by floor stock medication delivery 28.84\% (127,866.80 USD) and discharge drug therapy 7.61\% (33,751.55 USD). Conclusion: The estimation cost of delivery pediatrics drug therapy is the first study in the Middle East, Gulf countries and Saudi Arabia. It is basic element of cost calculation of pediatrics-related health care services.

}, keywords = {Cost, Drug, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Services, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.30}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Tahani Alotaibi and Awatif Faraj Alshammari and Nouf Alhaze} } @article {148, title = {Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Medication Safety Program at Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, East Province, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S12-S16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S12}, abstract = {

Objectives: Medication safety program initiated at East Province of Ministry of Health in 2013. The pharmacist prevents all drug related problems. To improve continuity of care at hospital admission, discharge and to diminution medication errors medication safety programs are established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the Medication Safety program at the hospital in East province, Saudi Arabia by using International Study Model. Methods: This cross-sectional study with a 12-month recruitment period was conducted in a 500-bed Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital through preventing and documentation of medication errors in adults and pediatrics at Ministry of Health hospitals in 2015. The hospital had medication safety officer with medication safety committee. The program led by trained pharmacist and delivered basic patient safety in medical education to all healthcare professionals. The expected cost calculated using International Study Model, expressed in United State Dollars (USD), the cost measured were the expected results of medication errors outcome if not stopped; starting from ambulatory care visit or community pharmacy, additional laboratory test, hospital or critical care admission or even death complications. Results: The total number of prevented medication errors were 2071 at 827 prescribed to 827 patients with an estimated cost avoidance of avoiding medication was (116,228.41 USD) annually. The most estimated cost avoidance was prescriber related and general errors was 99.12\% (115.201.9 USD). The pharmacist avoided medication errors with estimated cost avoidance of drug related problem (140.54 USD) per each prescription and (56.12 USD) per error. The most common categories of medications cost avoidance were Musculoskeletal and joint disease (8,397.2 USD) followed by Infections (5,731.17 USD) and Nutrition class (4,717.99 USD). The highest drug of cost avoidance were Insulin injection (39,964.32 USD), iron tablet (11,526.9 USD) folic acid tablet (11,526.9 USD) and calcium tablet (11,526.9 USD) and Enoxaparin injection (9,637.02 USD). There were three high-risk medication founded with Insulin, Enoxaparin and Heparin errors with (42.9\%) of annual total cost avoidance. Conclusion: Medication safety program is a cost-efficiency replication at Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in Saudi Arabia, prevents medication misadventures, improve patient safety and education. Growing drug safety program related with preventing drug-related problems and cost avoidance replication for Healthcare improvement, better care and better patient consequences.

}, keywords = {Cost, Efficiency, Medication, Ministry of Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.31}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Ahmad Alanazi and Mohammed Mohsen Almaznai and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} } @article {151, title = {Cost-efficiency of Clinical Pharmacy Services at Ministry of Health Hospital, Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S20-S22}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S20}, abstract = {

Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to estimate cost-efficiency of clinical pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia by using American model. Methods: This is a simulation study which includes data of all 5 months of providing clinical pharmacy services for adults organized by local drug information center at biggest public hospital in Riyadh city. Ten clinical pharmacists and expert trained pharmacists provided clinical pharmacy services at the hospital including drug information services, poisoning control services, therapeutic drug monitoring services, orthopedic services, oncology services, Pharmacoeconomical services and pain management services. All pharmacists should document the clinical pharmacy activities on a monthly basis. The estimated cost avoidance was calculated by using two International Studies Models, expressed in US dollars (USDs). The cost considered were the expected results of drug-related inquiries, poisoning information calls if not resolved and pharmacist intervention for all other clinical pharmacy services. Results: The total average estimated monthly cost avoidance from all clinical services (17,554,931.46 USD) with cumulative cost avoidance was 65,830,992.97 USD during the study period. The estimated total cost avoidance annually was 210,659,177.52 USD. The highest cost avoidance came from poisoning services, whose estimated cost avoidance was 61.8\% (9,110,026.40 USD) followed by drug information services, whose estimated cost avoidance was 26.8\% (4,711,273.50 USD) and other clinical pharmacy services, whose estimated cost avoidance was 11.4\% (2,006,444.63 USD). Each USD invested in the clinical pharmacist estimated cost avoidance was an average of 28.76 USD. Each USD invested in the clinical pharmacist provides poisoning control services estimated cost avoidance was an average of 17.77 USD and each USD invested in the clinical pharmacist provide drug information services estimated cost avoidance was an average of 7.7 USD. Conclusion: The clinical pharmacy services had a very high economic impact on the healthcare system in the local public hospital. In the future, we are targeting to expand the clinical pharmacy services to prevent drug-related cost in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical pharmacy, Cost-efficiency, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.33}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Faiz A. Bahadig} } @article {147, title = {Cost-Efficiency of Medication Safety Program at Public Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S4-S8}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S4}, abstract = {

Objectives: Medication safety program started at Riyadh city of Ministry of Health in 2014. Identifying, resolving and preventing drug therapy problems are the unique contributions of the pharmaceutical care practitioner. The research aimed to estimate cost-efficiency of Medication Safety program at the hospital in East province, Saudi Arabia by using American model of pharmacist intervention cost avoidance. Methods: This cross-sectional study with a 9-month recruitment period was conducted in a 300-bed public hospital through preventing and documentation of medication errors in adults and pediatrics at Ministry of Health hospitals in 2015. The program led by trained pharmacist and delivered basic patient safety in medical education to all healthcare professionals. The predictable cost calculated using International Study Model, expressed in USD, the cost measured were the expected results of medication errors outcome if not stopped; starting from physician visit, additional laboratory test, further treatment, hospital admission and critical care admission to death stage. Results: The total number of prevented medication errors were 3,378 at 805 prescribed to 805 patients with an estimated cost avoidance of avoiding medication errors was (98,195.97 USD) for the study period and (10,910 USD) per month. The pharmacist avoided medication errors with estimated cost avoidance of drugrelated problem (29 USD) per each mistake and (122 USD) per prescription and patient. The most type inquiries estimated cost avoidance was prescribing stage 86,939.05 USD (99.86\%), followed by drugrelated errors 7,061.26 USD (7.2\%) and dosage form-related errors 6,084.98 USD (6.2\%). The highest drug of cost avoidance were Musculoskeletal and joint disease (8,397.2 USD) followed by Infections (5,731.17 USD) and Nutrition (4,717.99 USD), while the largest drug of cost avoidance was Paracetamol Injection (5,812.17 USD), followed by oral Ferrous Sulfate (3,562.79 USD) and Ceftriaxone 1g (2,861.70 USD). Conclusion: Medication safety program is a cost-efficiency simulation at the public hospital in Saudi Arabia, prevents medication disasters, improve patient safety. Increasing drug safety program associated with preventing drug-related problems and cost avoidance simulation for Healthcare development and better care and better patient consequences.

}, keywords = {Cost-efficiency, Hospital, Medication, Ministry of Health, Public, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.29}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mona Awad Alanazi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} } @article {123, title = {Drug Evaluation Steps of Ministry of Health Drug Formulary in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {8-15}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Objective: To illustrate the Drug Evaluation Steps of Ministry of Health Drug Formulary at Health care institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is description analysis of Drug Evaluation Steps of drug information service at the Ministry of Health of Health institutions. The modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure used in the report. Results: The Drug Evaluation Steps established with a defined vision, mission and goals. The system human or economic and other resources described in the review. The risk management was discussed to assure the continuation of the system. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the system as illustrated. The closing stage with convention to operation project demonstrated in the analysis. Conclusion: The drug evaluation steps system implemented and it is considered as part of the health care system and drug information centers regulations. The drug evaluation Steps needs the continuous updating accordingly at all Ministry of Health strategic planning in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Drug Evaluation, Drug Formulary, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Steps}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.3}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {129, title = {Drug therapy for chronic diseases during the holy month of Ramadan: a literature review}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {75-78}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to review the drug therapy for chronic diseases during the holy month of Ramadan. Methods: In this study, we conducted an extensive search of 50 databases through the Saudi Digital Library search engine. We included meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies published in English language in May 2017. The search terms included Ramadan, fasting, medication, therapy, type of disease, and medication based on therapeutic class. Medication list related to the gastrointestinal tract diseases, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis and the switch from regular days to Ramadan days revealed comparative safety, efficacy studies, cost of type of medication for each disease studies and national or international evidence based guidelines of switching short halflife to long half-life. All parenteral dosage form of medication were excluded from the analysis. All medications should be listed in the MOH drug formulary. Results: A total of 710 studies were obtained after an extensive search with specific terms. Of those, 104 studies were duplicate studies and 606 studies were included for further evaluation. The evaluation revealed that 27 studies investigated medications related to the gastrointestinal diseases and Ramadan and 15 studies were about medicines for asthma and rheumatoid arthritis and Ramadan. Of those 42 studies of Ramadan and chronic diseases, only 5 studies were found to be appropriate for further evaluation. The suggested draft of list of medications of chronic diseases from regular days to the Ramadan days is explored in the review. Conclusion: The guidelines medications of chronic disease (Asthma, RA, GIT disease) intake during the holy month of Ramadan is not found. The studies of drug schedules in Ramadan does not exist. The investigations about medications therapy of chronic disease are highly recommended in Muslim countries.

}, keywords = {Chronic diseases, Drug, Literature, Ramadan, Review, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ban Abdullah Aldosary and Nasser Faleh Aldawas and Rana Mohammed Alslim} } @article {152, title = {The Economic Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions at Critical Care Services of Private Hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S23-S34}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S23}, abstract = {

Objectives: The study aims to explore the economic outcomes of the clinical pharmacist at critical care units at a private hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia in a 6 month study and prevent additional medication costs. Methods: It was a 6-months cross-sectional study from January to June 2016 in adults critical care unit. It was a thirty-bed critical care bed consisting of trauma, medical, surgical and maternity critical care cases. The pharmacist monitored all patients through daily medical round and documents any pharmacist intervention. The pharmacist intervention system used an international study model, measure level of activity, rational of clinical intervention, recommendation, patient outcome and pharmacoeconomic impact related estimated cost avoidance. Results: The total number of pharmacist interventions were (1,222) provided to (1,124) patients. The complete cost avoidance from pharmacist intervention over the study period was (220,882.10 UD) while over one year was (441,764.2 USD). The highest cost avoidance of critical care interventions was from potentially significant 51.00\% (102,581.78 USD) and potentially serious 32.28\% (99,162.29 USD). The majority of cost avoidance came from anti-infective agents (73,408.95 USD) followed by nutrition and blood agents (61,182.97 USD) and cardiovascular medications (27,584.52 USD). The most rational clinical activities cost avoidance was from others type (102,168.44 USD) followed by inappropriate dose (30,504.16 USD) and TPN consultations (25,313.99 USD). The most patient outcome related to cost avoidance was patient condition improved (120,036.38 USD) followed by unknown outcomes (47,067.85 USD) and laboratory values improved (21,661.55 USD). The most pharmacoeconomic cost avoidance impact was a reduction in the cost drug therapy 79.94\% (163,747.96 USD) and the patient length of hospital stay decreased 1.15\% (32,846.49 USD). Conclusion: The critical care clinical pharmacist prevent the additional cost of drugrelated problems occurrences and economic burden on the healthcare system at a private hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Expanding clinical pharmacist at critical care services is highly recommended to all private hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Critical care services, Economic outcomes, Interventions, Pharmacist, Private hopsital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.34}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal El-Bahnasawi and Alaa Elemam and Tasneem Shaweesh and Edmarie Janine Antonio} } @article {154, title = {The Economic Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions in Total Parenteral Nutrition Services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S40-S49}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S40}, abstract = {

Objectives: There are several problems and complications related to the Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) services. The pharmacist plays a crucial role in preventing these problems. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess the economic outcomes of pharmacist intervention in cost avoidance related to TPN services at a public hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Cohort prospective analysis of data collected regarding pharmacist intervention in TPN services provided to neonates, pediatrics and adult patients was performed. TPN services were provided 8 hr in a day and 7 days in a week. The study site was a 300-bed public hospital at the Ministry of Health (MOH) in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacist reviews and prepares TPN and he pharmacist documents any or all TPN-related problems before the preparation of TPN or after dispensing it. The pharmacist uses an International Study Model to measure level of activity and provides rational of clinical intervention, recommendation, patient outcome, impact of pharmacoeconomics and related cost analysis. Results: The pharmacist identified a total of 402 TPN-related problems. The total number of TPN services provided was 394 prescribed to 82 patients. Of these, 209 (51.99\%) and 193 (48.01\%) interventions were provided to males and females, respectively. The total cost avoidance from pharmacist intervention in 1 year was 578,926.89 USD. The highest cost avoidance of TPN interventions was recorded for potentially significant (54.90\%; 100,040.91 USD) and potentially serious problems (33.33\%; 244,696.83 USD). The maximum cost avoidance in the case of rational clinical activities was recorded for TPN consultations (325,695.76 USD) followed by incompatibility (275,802.66) and inappropriate route (189,912.34 USD). The maximum cost avoidance related to patient outcome was recorded for patient condition improved (489,830.93 USD) and laboratory value improved (89,095.96). The maximum pharmacoeconomic cost avoidance impact was the patient duration of hospital stay decreased (226; 332,220.70 USD) and reduction in the drug therapy monitoring (246,227.15 USD). Conclusion: The clinical pharmacist responsible for TPN services plays an essential role in preventing TPN-related problems and avoid the unnecessary economic burden on the healthcare system. Expanding the role TPN clinical pharmacist is highly recommended for all TPN services to reduce the economic burden on healthcare system in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Economic outcome, Ministry of Health, Pharmacist Intervention, Saudi Arabia, Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.36}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Aisha Omar Fallatah and Faiz A. Bahadig and Amjad Ahmad AL Qahtani} } @article {153, title = {Economic Outcomes of Pharmacist Prescribing Total Parenteral Nutrition at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S35-S39}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S35}, abstract = {

Objectives: In 2013, The General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care started the National Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) Program in Saudi Arabia. The pharmacist can provide neonates{\textquoteright} TPN services. In this study, we aimed to estimate the economic outcomes and cost avoidance in relation to pharmacist prescribing TPN. Methods: A total of 20 hospitals provide TPN services for neonates, pediatrics and adult patients. Cost avoidance stimulation in relation to the pharmacist prescribing and running neonates, pediatrics TPN services and replacement physician of a pharmacist as prescriber with adults TPN services. All costs were calculated by using US dollar currency. One-way sensitivity analysis was conducted for a list of discount prices and variety of wage cost with 10{\textendash}20\%. Results: The total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist by providing TPN services for 20 hospitals for all types of patients was (1,569,865.40 USD) and with a discount of 10-20\%, it was (1,412,878.86-1,255,892.32 USD). Of those, the total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist providing the TPN services for 20 hospitals for neonates was (562,027.40 USD) and with discount of 10-20\%, it was (505,824.66- 449,621.92 USD). The total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist providing the TPN services for 20 hospitals for adults was (523,337.00 USD) and with discount of 10-20\%, it was (471,003.30- 418,669.60 USD). The total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist providing the TPN services for 20 hospitals for pediatrics was (484,501.00 USD) and with a discount of 10-20\%, it was (436,050.90- 387,600.80 USD). Conclusion: The pharmacist prescribing TPN prevents high economic burden on the healthcare system at Ministry of Health. Expanding the role of a pharmacist in the nutrition support services with an emphasis on prescribing TPN services is highly recommended at healthcare institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cost avoidance, Economic, Ministry of Health, Outcomes, Pharmacist, Prescribing, Saudi Arabia, Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.35}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mona Awad Alanazi and Faiz A. Bahadig} } @article {132, title = {Factors (gender, age, social status, and income) affecting the satisfaction of pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {88-92}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {88}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore if the factors (gender, age, social status and income) affect the job satisfaction of pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross sectional survey regarding the impact of stress factors on job satisfaction of a pharmacist in Saudi Arabia. The survey questionnaire consisted of 35 questions divided into two parts: first part collected demographic information and the second part consisted on various sections. Section one collected information about stress factors in pharmacy job. Section two collected information about service units of the pharmacy job. Section three collected information about communication and relationship factors of a pharmacy job. Factors affected the Pharmacy practice, stress-related job and communication and relationships sections of pharmacist job satisfactions including gender, age, social status, academic qualifications and income. The questionnaire was prepared in an electronic format and the data were analyzed through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 242 participants responded to the questionnaire. Of them, 214 (91.8\%) were Saudi and 33 (8.2\%) were non-Saudi professionals. Male responders were more than female responders (169 (70.7\%) and 70 (29.3\%), respectively). The majority of the responders (202 (84.2\%)) were in the age group of 20{\textendash}39 years. Females disagreed management policies more than that of males; males worked on many weekends and on holidays with significant differences when compared with females (p\<0.05). Responders in the age group of 30{\textendash}39 years strongly agreed to perform excessive work than those in the age group of 20{\textendash}29 years, which was found to be significant (p\<0.05). Both males and females wished to continue to work in the pharmacy field, which was not significantly different (p\>0.05). There is no significant difference between male and female with all level of salary and type work with payment or the salary resemble of other organizations (p\>0.05). Conclusion: Different factors were found to negatively and positively affect the job satisfaction of a pharmacist. Gender and age were found to affect job satisfaction significantly. These differences should be considered before interpreting the results of pharmacist job satisfaction. We recommend to improve the job satisfaction of pharmacists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Factors, Job, Pharmacy, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia, Stress}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig RPH and Reem Saad Alsubaie and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Budoor Emad Aloumi} } @article {144, title = {Factors of Pharmacy Practice on Pharmacy Technician Job Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {145-150}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {145}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the Pharmacy practice factors on pharmacy technician job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-section survey of the stress factors impact of pharmacy technician job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 35 questions divided into two-part demographic information and the second part consisted of three parts. Part one was about stress-related factors of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management policies, pharmacy stress factors, pharmacy personal time, salary and benefits, pharmacy motivation factors. Part two included the questions about pharmacy services units of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management structure, dispersing and patient education, clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy technology, pharmacy store and overall job satisfaction. Part three questions consisted of communication and relationships factors of pharmacy technician job. It included pharmacy supervisors, relationship with coworkers and pharmacist interaction with other healthcare providers, customer interaction and overall job satisfaction. The questionnaire was made as an electronic format and it analyzed through survey monkey system about part one about pharmacy services units of pharmacy technician job. Results: The total responders were 96. The gender distribution 83 (86.46\%) were males and 13 (13.54\%) were females. The majority of them 86 (89.58\%) were in age group (20-39 years). The average pharmacy technician satisfaction score of pharmacy management structure was (3.14), clinical pharmacy technician activities was (3.16), pharmacy technician satisfaction of pharmacy informatics was (2.76), pharmacy technician satisfaction score of pharmacy store factors were (2.87) and the overall job satisfaction was (3.62). The finding showed for factor there are no significant differences between male or female and social status married or single, experiences of current position and the most of salary income for all pharmacy services elements satisfaction (p\>0.5). Conclusion: The pharmacy services with an emphasis on information technology and pharmacy inventory management affected negatively to the pharmacy technician job satisfaction. All pharmacy services satisfactions should be corrected to improve the pharmacy technician in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Factors, Job, Pharmacy, Pharmacy Technicians, Practice, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.27}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig Rph and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Budoor Emad Aloumi and Reem Saad Alsubaie} } @article {117, title = {History and Strategies of Drug Information Services at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {1-3}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Over more thirty years back the first drug information services founded at Ministry of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The drug information services stated with very simple and essential to the comprehensive with high quality and quantity specialized pharmacy practice. The services transferred over several periods from established time to advance stage and public stage. The drug information strategic plan founded for five years and included the updated Pharmacy strategic plan with Saudi vision 2030. The new drug information services started for the public with hotline at the Ministry of Health in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Drug Information, History, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Services, Strategies}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {122, title = {Inpatient Medication Errors and Pharmacist Intervention at Ministry of Health Public Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {44-48}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the inpatient medication errors and pharmacist intervention at Ministry of Health Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 9-month cross-sectional study conducted at a 300-bed public hospital to evaluate pharmacist response and prevention of inpatient medication errors in adult and pediatric patients. There is a medication safety officer in the hospital along with a medication safety committee. The following information on medication errors were documented in the form available at the hospital: patient{\textquoteright}s demographic information, sources of medication errors, time of errors, type of errors, description of errors, causes of errors, recommendation to prevent such errors and the outcome of errors. The form was developed by using the National Coordinating Council (NCC) for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (MERP) system. Results: According to the results, the pharmacist prevented a total of 3089 medication errors within 805 patients. About 3.8 errors per prescription were prevented. Most of the prevention occurred during prescribing stage (705 (99.2\%)). Patient-related errors (1564 (50.63\%)) and prescriber-related errors (1435 (46.46\%)) were the most type of prevented errors. Allergy was the most prevented subtype of errors (560 (91.4\%)) followed by patient{\textquoteright}s body weight (543 (88.6\%)) and prescriber data missing/unclear (347 (56.6\%)). Most of the errors that were prevented were near miss (93.3\%) followed by 6.3\% of the errors that reached the patient but did not cause any harm. The highest percentage with respect to the causes of medication errors was missing clinical information (649 (83.7\%)) and miscommunication of drug order (627 (80.9\%)). The top 20 medications involved in medication errors were oral and intravenous injections (Paracetamol and enoxaparin injection, respectively). Conclusion: The pharmacist plays a very crucial role in preventing medication errors. In order to prevent medication errors and improve patient outcome, the pharmacist provides education to the healthcare professional about medication safety and establishes the intravenous medication guidelines.

}, keywords = {Inpatient, Intervention, Medication errors, Ministry of Health, Pharmacist, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nesreen Alshabaar and Nadia Lubad and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} } @article {127, title = {Intake of antibiotics and fasting during the holy month of Ramadan: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {65-68}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {65}, abstract = {

Objectives: To review the intake of antibiotics and fasting during the holy month of Ramadan. Methods: In this study, we performed an extensive search of 50 databases following the Saudi Digital Library search engine. We included meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies published in English language with human study only for update May 2017. The search terms included Ramadan, fasting, medication, therapy, type of disease and medication based on therapeutic class. The list of antibiotic medication and switch from regular days to Ramadan days based on literature search revealed comparative safety studies, efficacy studies and cost of type of medication for each disease studies and national or international evidence-based guidelines of switching short half-life to long halflife. All parenteral dosage form of medication were excluded from study. All medications should be listed in the Ministry of Health drug formulary. Results: A total of 710 studies were obtained after an extensive search with specific terms. Of those, 104 studies were duplicate studies and 606 were considered for further evaluation. After evaluation, we obtained 30 studies which discussed about the antibiotics and Ramadan. Of these 30 studies, only 2 studies were found to be appropriate for further revision. Among the two, one study was an observational study regarding the pattern of prescribing antibiotics during the holy month of Ramadan. The second study was about the systemic review on the safety of fasting and several infectious diseases. The suggested draft of list of antibiotic switch from regular days to the holy Ramadan days was explored in this review. Conclusion: The investigations about antibiotics intake during fasting not found. The studies of antibiotic during the holy month of Ramadan is required during legal registrations at all Muslim countries. Antibiotics switch therapy during fasting is highly recommended at all Muslim patients in the world.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Fasting, Literature, Ramadan, Review}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mohammed Abdulaziz Altuwaijri and Mohsen Huraybie Alshammari and Nouf Hameed Al-Muallad} } @article {126, title = {Medication therapy during the holy month of Ramadan}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {56-64}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the switching of oral drug therapy from regular days to the Ramadan days. Methods: We performed extensive search on 50 databases. Studies such as meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies published in English language with human participants during the month of May 2017 were included in this study. The search terms included {\textquotedblleft}Ramadan, fasting and medication,{\textquotedblright} {\textquotedblleft}Therapy and type of disease,{\textquotedblright} or {\textquotedblleft}Medication based on therapeutics class.{\textquotedblright} The medication list used to switch the medications from regular days to Ramadan days. It was based on best literature found. The literature included the comparative safety and efficacy studies and cost of type of medication for each disease studies and national or international evidence-based guidelines of switching short half-life medications to long half-life. The medication list included drug name, general dosing and frequency of administration during regular and Ramadan days. All medications should be registered at the Ministry of Health (MOH) drug formulary or registered in the Saudi Food and Drug Authority. Results: A total of 710 were shortlisted based on the extensive search with specific terms. Of those, 104 were duplicate studies and therefore were omitted from further analysis. A total of 606 studies were unique and were further evaluated. Ninety-two studies discussed about medications related to diabetes mellitus and Ramadan; 27 studies discussed about the anti-psychiatric medications and Ramadan; 27 studies investigated gastrointestinal medications and Ramadan; 30 studies discussed about the various antibiotics and Ramadan; 30 studies discussed about the cardiovascular medications and Ramadan; 15 studies discussed about the medications for asthma and rheumatoid arthritis and Ramadan; and finally, 402 studies discussed about other diseases and Ramadan. There were no randomized controlled studies regarding switching of drug dosing from regular days to Ramadan days. The suggested draft about switching of 171 drug therapy from regular to the holy month of Ramadan designed and registration status in the MOH formulary and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia based on the best available literature from common illnesses including cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases and psychiatric illness. Conclusion: The literature of drug therapy during Ramadan is seldom found and there is no randomized clinical trial to validate the usage of medication during Ramadan. This is the review of medication used for common diseases infectious diseases, cardiovascular system, psychiatry and gastrointestinal system during the holy month of Ramadan with the first suggestion draft of switch drug therapy from regular days to Ramadan days.

}, keywords = {Medication, Ramadan, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.10}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Aljohara Abdullah Adouh and Meshael Ibrahim Alghuraibi} } @article {118, title = {National Medication Errors Reporting System at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {4-7}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {

Objective: To demonstrate the medications errors as part of the pharmaceutical care plan at the Ministry of Health of Health foundations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is a retrospective analysis of medications error documentation system at the Ministry of Health of Health institutions. The Pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020 used in the study. The analysis used the modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure. Results: The medications error documentation system founded with a defined vision, mission and goals. The system had several resources including human or economic and other described in the review. The continuation of the system assured by risk management model description. Also, the monitoring and controlling of the system as illustrated. The convention to operation project though closing project stage demonstrated in the Analysis. Conclusion: The Medications errors documentation system established within the healthcare system and pharmacy regulations. The medications error documentation system is regularly improving accordingly at all Ministry of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical outcomes, Critical care services, Interventions, Pharmacist, Private hopsital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {119, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Environmental Culture and Staff Competency at Primary Healthcare Centers/ Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {20-27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the national survey of medication safety practices with an emphasis on environmental factors and staff competencies at primary healthcare centers (PHCs) and community pharmacies (CPs) in Saudi Arabia, Riyadh city. Method: This is a 4-month cross-sectional medication safety practice survey conducted at pharmacies of PHCs of Ministry of Health and CPs in Riyadh city. The survey consisted of the modified version of the Medication Safety Self-Assessment{\textregistered} for Community/ Ambulatory Pharmacy from the Institute of Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). The survey consisted of a demographic section and 10 domains with questions on environmental factors, staff competency and education. The authors distributed the questionnaire and followed-up on a daily basis by physically visiting or via telephonic call. The survey was prepared in an electronic format and it was analyzed through the Survey Monkey system and Microsoft Excel version 10. Result: The survey was distributed to 13 PHCs and 23 CPs. The average score of all the ISMP-self assessment of medication safety items at PHCs was 2.75 {\textpm} 0.36 (54.94\%) (95\% confidence interval (95\% CI) = 2.55{\textendash}2.95; P\<0.05; range = 2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average score of all ISMP-self assessment of medication safety items at CPs was 3.14 {\textpm} 0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI = 2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range = 2.40{\textendash}3.88). The average score of environmental factors, workflow and staffing domain at PHCs was 2.7 {\textpm} 0.45 (54\%) (95\% CI = 2.53{\textendash}2.87; P\<0.05; range = 1.55{\textendash}3.68), whereas in CPs, the average score was 3.58 {\textpm} 0.43 (71.6\%) (95\% CI = 3.44{\textendash}3.717; P\<0.05; range = 2.63{\textendash}4.37). The average score of staff competency and education at PHCs was 3.02 {\textpm} 0.298 (60.4\%) (95\% CI = 2.9{\textendash}3.2; P\<0.05; range = 2.64{\textendash}3.55), whereas in the CPs, the average score was 4.15 {\textpm} 0.20 (83\%) (95\% CI = 4.03{\textendash}4.27; P\<0.05; range = 3.78{\textendash}4.53). Conclusion: The PHCs implemented only half of the environmental factors, workflow and staff competency domains preventive measures for medication safety and lower than CPs. Targeting of improving environmental culture and staff competency for medication safety at PHCs is highly recommended in KSA.

}, keywords = {Community Pharmacy, Environmental culture, Medication, Primary Healthcare Centers, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia, Staff competency}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Rana Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Adel Mehmas Hamdi Alragas} } @article {120, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Medication Administration at Primary Healthcare Centers/Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {28-35}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the national medication safety practice with emphasis on medication administration at primary healthcare centers (PHCs) and community pharmacies (CPs) in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a four-month cross-sectional medication safety practice survey conducted at PHC pharmacies and CPs in Riyadh city. The survey consisted of the modified version of the Medication Safety Self-Assessment{\textregistered} for Community/Ambulatory Pharmacy from the Institute of Safe Medication Practice (ISMP). The survey consisted of a demographic section and 10 domains with 198 questions. The domains included questions on patient information; drug information; communication of drug orders and other drug information; drug labeling and packaging and nomenclature; use of devices; environmental factors; staff competency and education; patient education; quality processes; and risk management domain. In this study, we emphasized on medication administration; it is a finding from medication safety self-assessment for community/ambulatory pharmacy in Riyadh city. Results: The survey was distributed to 13 PHC pharmacies and 23 CPs. The average score of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety at PHCs was 2.75{\textpm}0.36 (54.94\%) (95\% CI=2.55{\textendash} 2.95; P\<0.05; range=2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average score of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety at CPs was 3.14{\textpm}0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI=2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range=2.40{\textendash}3.88). The average score of drug standardization, storage and distribution domain at PHCs was 2.35{\textpm}0.41 (47\%) (95\% CI=2.17{\textendash}2.53; P\<0.05; range=1.33{\textendash}3.09) and in CPs, it was 3.4{\textpm}0.54 (68\%) (95\% CI =3.16{\textendash}3.54; P\<0.05; range=2.22{\textendash}4.25). The average score of medication devices acquisition, use and monitoring domain at PHCs was 3.62{\textpm}0.14 (72.4\%) (95\% CI=3.26{\textendash}3.978; P\<0.05; range=3.45{\textendash}3.70) and in CPs, it was 2.78{\textpm}0.23 (55.6\%) (95\% CI=2.21{\textendash}3.349; P\<0.05; range=2.63-3.05). Conclusion: The medication administration safety was inadequate at PHCs while acceptable at CPs. Targeting to drug standardization, storage and distribution with emphasis on medication devices use and monitoring are highly recommended at PHCs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Administration, Community Pharmacy, Medication, Primary care centers, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Adel Mehmas Hamdi Alragas and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Rana Mohammed Alslim} } @article {121, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Patient Education, Quality Process and Risk Management at Primary Healthcare Centers/Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {36-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {36}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the national medication safety practice such as patient education, quality process and risk management at primary healthcare centers (PHCs) and community pharmacies (CPs) in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a four-month cross-sectional medication safety practice survey conducted at PHC pharmacies and CPs in Riyadh city. The survey consisted of the modified version of the Medication Safety Self-Assessment{\textregistered} for Community/Ambulatory Pharmacy from the Institute of Safe Medication Practice (ISMP). The survey consisted of a demographic section and 10 domains with 198 questions. The domains included questions on patient information; drug information; communication of drug orders and other drug information; drug labeling and packaging and nomenclature; use of devices; environmental factors; staff competency and education; patient education; quality processes; and risk management domain. In this study, we emphasized on patient education, quality process and risk management; it is a finding from medication safety self-assessment for community/ ambulatory pharmacy in Riyadh city. Results: The survey was distributed to 13 PHC pharmacies and 23 CPs. The average score of all ISMP-self assessment of medication safety items at PHCs was 2.75{\textpm}0.36 (54.94\%) (95\% confidence interval (95\% CI)=2.55{\textendash}2.95; P\<0.05; range=2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average score of all ISMP-self assessment of medication safety items at CPs was 3.14{\textpm}0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI=2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range=2.40{\textendash}3.88). The average score of patient education at PHCs was 3.04{\textpm}0.365 (60.8\%) (95\% CI=2.89{\textendash}3.19; P\<0.05; range=2.00{\textendash}3.73) and at CPs, it was 3.73{\textpm}0.29 (74.6\%) (95\% CI=3.61{\textendash}3.85; P\<0.05; range=3.11{\textendash}4.22). The average score of quality processes and risk management at PHCs was 2.76{\textpm}0.35 (55.2 \%) (95\% CI=2.64{\textendash}2.88; P\<0.05; range=2.09{\textendash}3.50) and at CPs, it was 3.20 {\textpm}0.38 (64\%) (95\% CI=3.07{\textendash}3.33; P\<0.05; range=2.47{\textendash}3.89). Conclusion: The implementation of patient education and quality processes and risk management at PHCs and CPs were inadequate. Targeting to improve all meditations safety assessment tools at PHCs and CPs is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Community Pharmacies, Education, Medication, Primary Healthcare Centers, Quality, Risk Management, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Adel Mehmas H. Alragas and Rana Mohammed Alslim} } @article {131, title = {Pattern use of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs among Saudi Community: Patients{\textquoteright} Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {84-87}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {84}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the utilization of public use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) among the participants from the major metropolitan areas in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 6 months. The study questionnaire was randomly distributed via digital media using Survey Monkey system to individuals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire comprised 24 questions related to demographic data; age; education; socioeconomic status; weight; history of chronic disease; history of pain; frequency, type and dosage of NSAIDs; and indication for the use of NSAIDs. The survey web link was distributed via social media to a convenient sample of participants. Data were tabulated and analyzed by using SPSS version 13 software. Results: The survey questionnaire was distributed to 3000 patients and a total of 500 participants responded, making the response rate as 16.6\%. Of them, the highest percentage of responders belonged to the age group of above 40 years (52.63\%, n=263). Majority of the responders had a university degree (66.20\%, n=329). Of all the responders, 54\% (n=272) did not use painkillers daily, whereas 43.33\% (n=216) took painkillers daily; 2.26\% (n=11) of the responders did not remember. Around 87\% (n=433) of the responders tool an average of 1{\textendash}3 NSAIDs daily, 11.44\% (n=57) took 4{\textendash}7 NSAIDs daily and 1.49\% (n=7) responders took 8{\textendash}12 NSAIDs daily without a prescription. Furthermore, 0.50\% (n=2) of the responders took more than 12 NSAIDs per day. Conclusion: The NSAIDs are highly utilized in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the number of awareness programs for the public about the side effects of short- and long-term use of NSAIDs is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Patient, Pattern, Saudi Arabia, Use}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.15}, author = {Amani Abdullah Bahdailah} } @article {143, title = {Pharmacy Technician Job Satisfaction with Communication and Relationships Factors in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {140-144}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {140}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the Pharmacy technician job satisfaction with Communication and relationships factors in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-section survey of the stress factors impacting pharmacy technician job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 35 questions divided into two-part demographic information and the second part consisted of three parts. Part one was about stress-related factors of pharmacy job. Part two included the questions about pharmacy services units of pharmacy job. Part three questions about communication and relationships factors of pharmacy technician job. In addition, overall job satisfaction. The questionnaire made as an electronic format and it was analyzed through survey monkey system about part three communication and relationships factors of pharmacy technician job. Results: The total responders were 96. The gender distribution 83 (86.46\%) was male and 13 (13.54\%) was female. The majority of them 86 (89.58 \%) were in age group (20-39) years. The average satisfaction score of pharmacy supervisors{\textquoteright} factors was (3.175), pharmacy technician interaction with other healthcare providers{\textquoteright} factors was (3.38). While the customer interaction was (3.45) the pharmacy technician relationship with coworkers was (3.85). Most of the pharmacy technician found the challenges at their job were (79.2\%). Some responders wished to change their pharmacy career (60\%) previously while (78\%) liked to stay in the pharmacy field. The overall job satisfaction scores were (3.62). Conclusion: Most of the pharmacy technicians were not satisfied with their job because the supervisor was not supportive and as they faced challenges in their work. Management tool to all pharmacy staff including the supervisors and pharmacy technician in the culture work is highly recommended at healthcare institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Communication, Factors, Job satisfaction, pharmacy technician, Relationships, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.26}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig Rph and Reem Saad Alsubaie and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Budoor Emad Aloumi} } @article {124, title = {Ramadan Pharmaceutical Care System at the Ministry of Health Institutions, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {49-55}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the Ramadan Pharmaceutical Care System as part of the national pharmacy practice program at the Ministry of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a description analysis of Ramadan Pharmaceutical Care System at the Ministry of Health institutions. It was analyzed within the national pharmacy practice program. We used the modified pharmacy business model system and the project management procedure in the report. Results: The Ramadan Pharmaceutical Care program was established with a defined vision, mission and goals. In this project, human, economic and other resources have been described. The risk management was discussed to assure the continuation of the program. Furthermore, we illustrate the monitoring and controlling of the system. The closing stage with conversion to operation project was demonstrated in the Analysis. Conclusion: The Ramadan Pharmaceutical Care system has been implemented and is considered as part of the healthcare system and pharmacy strategic plan. This program has been created to improve pharmacy services provided to the patient and to increase patient satisfaction in the Ministry of Health institutions, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ministry of Health, Pharmaceutical Care, Ramadan, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Aljohara Abdullah Adouh and Meshael Ibrahim Alghuraibi} } @article {136, title = {Stress Factors Impact on Pharmacist Job Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {102-107}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the stress factors impact of pharmacist job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross section survey of the stress factors impact of pharmacist job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 44 questions divided into two-part demographic information and the second part was the questions about stress related factors of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management policies, pharmacy stress factors, pharmacy personal time, salary and benefits, pharmacy motivation factors, overall job satisfaction. The 5-points Likert response scale system closed ended questions were used. Results: The total responders were 242. Of those 214 (91.8 \%) was Saudi and 33 (8.2\%) was non-Saudi. The gender distribution 169 (70.7\%) 55.8\%) was male and 70 (29.3\%) was female. The average pharmacist satisfaction score of pharmacy management policies factors was (3.53), personal pharmacy time was (3.14) and salary and benefits were (2.45) as explored in Table 4. The average score of pharmacy stress factors were (3.86) and the overall job satisfaction was (3.61) as explored in Table 5. The most pharmacy motivation factors found were the financial reward and salary advancement was 201 (87.01\%), followed by the time needed for education and training was 144 (62.3\%) and flexibility in work scheduling was 136 (58.87\%) as explored in Table 6. Conclusion: The majority of pharmacists suffered from pharmacy salary and benefits and time demand for development and education. Those factors were essential of motivation factors related to the pharmacy job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Factors, Job, Pharmacy, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia, Stress}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig Rph and Khurram Shahzad and Saima Qaism and Budoor Emad Aloumi and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Reem Saad Alsubaie} } @article {142, title = {Stress Factors on Pharmacy Technician Personal Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {135-139}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {135}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the Stress factors on pharmacy technician personal satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-section survey of the stress factors impact of pharmacy technician job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 35 questions divided into two-part demographic information and the second part consisted of three parts. Part one was about stress-related factors of pharmacy job. Part two included the questions about pharmacy services units of pharmacy job. Part three questions about communication and relationships factors of pharmacy technician job and overall job satisfaction. The questionnaire was made as an electronic format and it was analyzed through survey monkey system about part one that was about stress-related factors of pharmacy technician job. Results: The total responders were 96. The gender distribution 83 (86.46\%) were males and 13 (13.54\%) were females. The majority of them 86 (89.58\%) were in age group (20-39 years). The average pharmacy technician satisfaction score of pharmacy management policies factors was (3.61), personal pharmacy time was (3.14) and salary and benefits were (2.51). The average score of pharmacy stress factors were (4.03) and the overall job satisfaction was (3.62). The most pharmacy technician motivation factors found were the financial reward and salary advancement was 84 (89.36\%) and the flexibility in work scheduling was 63 (67.02\%) followed by the Funds to support additional education and training 61 (64.89\%) and the time needed for education and training was 61 (64.89\%). Conclusion: There are high job stress factors with inadequate pharmacy salary affected negatively pharmacy technician satisfaction in the pharmacy practice. Those factors very essential related motivation factors on pharmacy technician at healthcare institution in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Factors, Job, personal, pharmacy technician, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia, Stress}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.25}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig Rph and Budoor Emad Aloumi and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Reem Saad Alsubaie} } @article {18, title = {Appalling Adverse Effects of Amlodipine in a Chronic Kidney Disease Patient: A Case of Drug-Induced Gingival Overgrowth}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {6-7}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {

Calcium channel blockers have been widely used in clinical practice because of their antihypertensive capacity. Prevention of renal damage is a very important aim of antihypertensive therapy. This is particularly so taking into account the high prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population. Medications taken for medical conditions often manifest local to systemic side-effects including the oral cavity. Gingival overgrowth is one such unwanted adverse effect. It is a well-documented side effect associated with three major classes of drugs: anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers (CCB), and immune-suppressants. Despite a greater understanding of pathogenesis of drug induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO), its treatment still remains a challenge for the dental practitioner and treatment is still largely limited to maintenance of improved level of oral hygiene and surgical removal of overgrown tissue. There is a need for the dental surgeons to discuss this issue with their medical colleagues and to practice statutory care while prescribing the drugs associated with gingival overgrowth.

}, keywords = {Gingival overgrowth, Immunosuppressive agents, Renal insufficiency}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.3}, author = {Geon Pauly and Roopashri Rajesh Kashyap and Raghavendra Kini and Prasanna Kumar Rao and Gowri P Bhandarkar and Devika Shetty} } @article {19, title = {Awareness of Dementia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {10-14}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {10}, abstract = {

Dementia is said to be a major global health problem and in the absence of a cure there has been increasing focus on the risk reduction, timely diagnosis, followed by an early intervention. It is characterized by a collective syndrome rather than a specific disease. It{\textquoteright}s an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or difficulty in recollecting things, problem-solving and reduced command in language, severe enough to reduce a person{\textquoteright}s ability to perform everyday activities. Therefore the word dementia describes a combination of symptoms which causes a decline in cognition that is significant enough to interfere with normal independent, daily performances. The causes of dementia are multifactorial ranging from primary neurological deficit, neuropsychiatric and medical conditions. Different types of dementia have been identified with different clinical manifestations and underlying pathologies. It is important to identify the factors that may delay the onset, slow the progression and prevent cognitive decline. These multiple underlying diseases may contribute to the onset of dementia on the long run. Neurodegenerative dementias, like Alzheimer disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, are most common in the elderly, while traumatic brain injury and brain tumors are common causes in younger adults. It has been an ongoing process for researchers and clinicians from various disciplines and medical specialties aggressively trying to identify the root cause attempting to treat the contributing factors by prescribing medications. The main objective is to improve cognitive decline and motor symptoms, promote evidencebased brain-healthy behaviors and improve overall quality of life for patients and families. This paper highlights several challenges that needs to be revisited and addressed in order to provide adequate and effective care for people with dementia as the condition deteriorates.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Brain tumours, Cognitive decline, Lewy bodies, Neurological deficit}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.5}, author = {Alexander Victor Anand David} } @article {20, title = {Effect of Ganoderma lucidum, Spirulina and Vitamin D on Diazepam-Induced Anterograde Amnesia in Male Wistar Rats: An Experimental Study}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {2-5}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {2}, abstract = {

Objective: Current study was to check the effect of Ganoderma lucidum, Spirulina, and vitamin D on Diazepam-induced anterograde amnesia in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Six groups (I{\textendash}VI; n = 10) of healthy male Wistar rats (150{\textendash}180 g) were used for the study. The induction of anterograde amnesia was done by diazepam. The Morris water maze was used to study the amnesia where the rats must swim to hidden escape platform. The rats were trained to locate a hidden escape platform by releasing them into water for four times a day for four consecutive days. The acquisition of this task was measured by noting the time taken to escape the platform. On day 5 of the study, retrieval of this learnt task was measured by noting the time taken to search for the missing hidden escape platform. These two test times were then compared with the test groups and drug-induced amnesia groups. The time was expressed as mean {\textpm} standard error of mean. Results:Ganoderma lucidum, and Spirulina completely ameliorated the induction of anterograde amnesia by diazepam. The escape latency time of vitamin D-administered rats was less when that of diazepam-administered rats but was not statistically significant. Conclusion:\ Ganoderma lucidum, Spirulina, and vitamin D ameliorated the oxidative stress-induced anterograde amnesia pointing toward a possible antioxidant role of them. These, at the commonly prescribed clinical doses, can therefore potentially inhibit oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration, especially in the ageing population. Further studies are needed to substantiate these findings.

}, keywords = {Anterograde amnesia, Ganoderma lucidum, Morris water maze, Spirulina, Vitamin D}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.2}, author = {Savithasree S and AP Hogade} } @article {21, title = {Informed Consent Template by Strategic Initiative for Developing Capacity in Ethical Review. A Good Alternate?}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {January 018}, pages = {1}, type = {Editorial}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Obtaining informed consent from (ICF) the participants of a clinical trial, bioavailability and bioequivalence studies, and investigator initiated research consists of two documents; participants{\textquoteright} information sheet and informed consent form. Informed consent is also a mandate for epidemiological and observational studies. It ensure participants autonomy to enroll them in trials and also legally valid for their post trial access and compensation. As a dictum, it should be in English and vernacular language signed by study subjects or their legally accepted representative (LAR).1 There are valid differences in opinion about amount of information that should be in given consent form. Participant information sheet in too much number of pages is often perceived tedious by the subjects and it is more complex when it comes to countries like India where there is diversity in language.\ Read More ....

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.1}, author = {Krishnan Vengadaragava Chary} } @article {22, title = {Isolation of Lactobacillus sp. from Intestinal Tract of Red Jungle Fowl as an Effective Probiotic for Poultry}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {15-18}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study focuses on the use of Lactobacillus sp. as probiotics to the Red jungle fowl and to test its growth efficacy. Materials and Methods: The isolated colonies were optimized at different pH range and it was found that at pH 7 maximum O.D value of 0.725 was attained and that of Temperature optimization at 30{\textdegree}C showed a maximum O.D value at 0.624 when read at 600 nm. The optimized pH and temperature were used for the mass production of lactobacillus sp. for 3 days in orbital shaker and the biomass. The Biomass was fed to one month grown red jungle fowls , the biomass was mixed with commercial feed and the weight of the fowls were checked every 4 days interval to a total of 28 days. Results: A total of five colonies were isolated from the serial dilution performed on the nutrient agar medium and then it was streaked on MRS a specific medium for Lactobacillus sp. The isolated Lactobacillus sp. was given as a probiotic to the two test fowls and the weight of the fowls was 295 g on the 4th day and which increased gradually to 595 g on the 28th day. This shows that bacteria could be\ used as a probiotic to enhance the weight and quality of the chickens.

}, keywords = {Biomass, Fowls, Lacto bacillus, Optimization, Probiotic}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.6}, author = {S Santhosh and R Ranjith Kumar and R Dhandapani} } @article {104, title = {National Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting System at the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {21-23}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Objective: To illustrate the adverse drug reaction during the pharmacy strategic plan at the Ministry of Health of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is description analysis of adverse drug reaction system at the Ministry of Health of Health institutions. It was analysis within the Pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020. The modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure used in the report. Results: The adverse drug reaction established with a defined vision, mission and goals. The system human or economic and other resources described in the review. The risk management was discussed to assure the continuation of the system. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the system as illustrated. The closing stage with convention to operation project demonstrated in the Analysis. Conclusion: The Adverse drug reaction system implemented and it is considered as part of the healthcare system and pharmacy regulations. The documentation of ADR is updating improving accordingly at all Ministry of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction, Ministry of Health, Pharmaceutical Care, Saudi Arabia, System}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {105, title = {National Corporate Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee at the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {24-27}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {24}, abstract = {

Objective: To review the Ministry of Health Corporate MOH Pharmacy and Therapeutic committee system at the Ministry of Health foundations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is a retrospective analysis of Ministry of Health Corporate MOH Pharmacy and Therapeutic committee system at Ministry of hospitals institutions. Its analysis illustrated within the Pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020. The analysis process used. The modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure. Results: Ministry of Heath drug Corporate MOH Pharmacy and Therapeutic committee established with clear vision, mission and goals. The committee had human or economic and other resources described in the review. To assure the continuity of the system; the risk management was used and described. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the system were demonstrated. The closing stage with convention to operation project shown in the Analysis. Conclusion: The Ministry of Health Corporate MOH Pharmacy and Therapeutic committee system founded though Pharmacy strategies and regulations. The Ministry of Health Corporate MOH Pharmacy and Therapeutic committee has regular development accordingly at all Ministry of Health hospitals and primary healthcare centers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ministry of Health, Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {106, title = {National Drug Formulary of the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {28-30}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the Ministry of Health drug formulary system at the Ministry of Health foundations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is description analysis of Ministry of Health drug formulary system at Ministry of hospitals and primary healthcare centers. It analysis illustrated within the Pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020. The analysis process used. The modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure. Results: Ministry of Heath drug formulary system established with clear vision, mission and goals. The project had human or economic and other resources described in the review. To assure the continuity of the system; the risk management was used and described. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the system as illustrated. The closing stage with convention to operation project demonstrated in the Analysis. Conclusion: The Ministry of Heath drug formulary system founded and it is considered as part of Pharmacy strategic planning and regulations. The Ministry of Heath drug formulary has normal development accordingly at all Ministry of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Drug, Formulary, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.10}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {107, title = {National Pharmacist Intervention Documentation System at the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {31-33}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Objective: To review the pharmacist interventions documentation system at the Ministry of Health of Health hospitals and primary care centers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is description analysis of pharmacist interventions documentation system at the Ministry of Health of Health institutions. The system analyzed within the Pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020. The modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure used in the analysis. Results: Pharmacist intervention documentation system founded with a clear vision, mission and goals. The project had human or economic and other resources clarified in the review. The risk management was described to assure the continuation of the system. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the system as illustrated. The closing project stage with convention to operation project demonstrated in the Analysis. Conclusion: The Pharmacist interventions documentation system founded and it is considered as part of Pharmacy administration regulations. The documentation of pharmacist interventions has normal development accordingly at all Ministry of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ministry of Health, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmacist Intervention, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {109, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Drug Information at Primary Healthcare Centers/Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {37-42}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore regarding drug information at Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) and Community Pharmacies (CPs) in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month crosssectional survey conducted at PHCs and CPs in Riyadh city. In this study, the survey was adapted and modified from the Institution of Safe Medication Practice (ISMP) medication safety self-assessment for community/ambulatory pharmacy. It consists of a demographic section and 10 domains with 198 questions. The domains captured the following information: patient information; drug information; communication of drug orders and other drug information; drug labeling and packaging and nomenclature; use of medication delivery devices; environmental factors; staff competency and education; patient education; quality processes; and risk management domain. The survey was conducted at PHCs of Ministry of Health and at CPs located in Riyadh city. This study is focused on the second domain, that is, drug information at PHCs and CPs in Riyadh city. Results: The survey was distributed to 13 PHCs and 23 CPs. The average {\textpm} Standard Deviation (SD) of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety practice at PHCs was 2.75{\textpm}0.36 (54.94\%) (95\% Confidence Interval (CI) = 2.55{\textendash}2.95; P\<0.05; range = 2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average score of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety practice at CPs was 3.14{\textpm}0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI = 2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range = 2.40{\textendash}3.88). The average score of drug information domain at PHCs was 2.04{\textpm}0.34 (40.8\%) (95\% CI = 1.89{\textendash}2.19; P\<0.05; range = 1.50{\textendash}2.73), whereas that at the CPs was 2.35{\textpm}0.5 (47\%) (95\% CI = 2.13{\textendash}2.57; P\<0.05; range = 1.61{\textendash}3.43). Conclusion: The PHCs and CPs need to improve the key aspects of drug information related to the safety documentation and reporting system for medications. We recommend that the PHCs and CPs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) should regularly conduct awareness programs on medication safety. We also recommend conducting an annual follow-up assessment of all the critical elements of drug information related to the medication safety system at PHCs and CPs.

}, keywords = {Community Pharmacies, Drug Information, Medication, Primary Healthcare Centers, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Rana Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Adel Mehmas H. Alragas} } @article {110, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Patient Information at Primary Healthcare Centers/Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {43-48}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {43}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore patient{\textquoteright}s information regarding national medication safety Practice At Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) and Community Pharmacies (CPs) in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey conducted on medication safety practice at PHCs and CPs in Riyadh city. In this study, the survey was adapted and modified from the Institution of Safe Medication Practice (ISMP) medication safety self-assessment for community/ambulatory pharmacy. It consists of a demographic section and 10 domains with 198 questions. The domains captured the following information: patient information; drug information; communication of drug orders and other drug information; drug labeling, packaging and nomenclature; use of medical devices; environmental factors; staff competency and education; patient education; quality processes; and risk management domain. The survey was conducted at the PHCs of the Ministry of Health and at CPs located in Riyadh city. This study is focused on the first domain, that is, patient information in PHCs and CPs in Riyadh city. Results: The survey was distributed to 13 PHCs and 23 CPs. The average {\textpm} Standard Deviation (SD) of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety practice at PHCs was 2.75{\textpm}0.36 (54.94 \%) (95\% confidence interval (95\% CI) = 2.55{\textendash}2.95; P\<0.05; range = 2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average {\textpm} SD score of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety practice at CPs was 3.14{\textpm}0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI = 2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range = 2.40{\textendash}.88). The average {\textpm} SD score of patient information at PHCs was 2.80{\textpm}0.467 (56 \%) (95\% CI = 2.54{\textendash}3.58; P\<0.05; range = 2.08{\textendash}3.45), whereas that of the CPs was 2.60{\textpm}0.667 (52 \%) (95\% CI = 2.23{\textendash}2.97; P\<0.05; range = 1.36{\textendash}3.96). Conclusion: The PHCs and PCs implemented almost half the of ISMP medication safety critical elements including the patient information related issue. Targeting to improve medication safety system at PHCs and CPs is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Community Pharmacy, Information, Medication, Patient, Primary Healthcare Center, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rana Mohammed Alslim and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Adel Mehmas H. Alragas} } @article {111, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Preparation of Medication and Dispensing at Primary Healthcare Centers/Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {49-57}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the national medication safety practice in terms of medication preparation and dispensing at Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) and Community Pharmacies (CPs) in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional medication safety practice survey conducted at PHCs and CPs in Riyadh. The survey consisted of the modified version of the Medication Safety Self-Assessment{\textregistered} for Community/Ambulatory Pharmacy from the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). The survey consisted of a demographic section and 10 domains with 198 questions. The 10 domains included patient information; drug information; communication of drug orders and other drug information; drug labeling, packaging and nomenclature; use of medical devices; environmental factors; staff competency and education; patient education; quality processes; and risk management. This study emphasizes on the medication preparation and dispensing as per the Medication Safety Self-Assessment for Community/Ambulatory Pharmacy, Riyadh. Results: The survey was distributed to 13 PHCs and 23 CPs. The average score of all the ISMP self-assessment of medication safety items at PHCs was 2.75{\textpm}0.36 (54.94 \%) with 95\% confidence interval (95\% CI) = 2.55{\textendash}2.95 (P\<0.05; range = 2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average score of all the ISMP self-assessment of medication safety items at CPs was 3.14{\textpm}0.42 (62.86\%) with 95\% CI = 2.90{\textendash}4.38 (P\<0.05; range = 2.40{\textendash}3.88). The average score of the communication of drug orders and other drug information domain at all hospitals were 2.57{\textpm}0.38 (51.4 \%) with 95\% CI = 2.36{\textendash}2.78 (P\<0.05; range = 1.92{\textendash}3.25) at PHCs and in the CPs, it was 2.44{\textpm}0.35 (48.8 \%) with 95\% CI = 2.245{\textendash}2.635 (P\<0.05; range = 2.00{\textendash}3.09). The average score of drug labeling, packaging and nomenclature domain at all hospitals was 2.57{\textpm} 0.41 (51.4 \%) with 95\% CI = 2.35{\textendash}2.79 (P\<0.05; range = 1.83{\textendash}3.08) at PHCs and in CPs, it was 3.2{\textpm}0.59 (64\%) with 95\% CI = 2.89{\textendash}3.51, (P\<0.05; range = 2.20{\textendash}4.05). Conclusion: Fifty percent of medication safety critical elements of ISMP standards was implemented during the preparation and dispensing of medication in the PHCs and CPs. Targeting to improve medication safety key at PHCs and CPs to prevent drug-related problems is required in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction, Ministry of Health, Pharmaceutical Care, Saudi Arabia, System}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Adel Mehmas H. Alragas and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Rana Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem} } @article {108, title = {On-the-Job Training of Pharmacy Technicians at the Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {34-36}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {34}, abstract = {

Objective: To demonstrate the pharmacy technicians on the job training at the Ministry of Health of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is a retrospective analysis of pharmacy technicians on job training project at the Ministry of Health of Health hospitals. It was within The Pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020. The study used the modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure. Results: The pharmacy technicians on job training system established with a defined vision, mission and goals. The system had several resources including human or economic and other described in the review. The continuation of the system assured by risk management model description. Also, the monitoring and controlling of the system as illustrated. The convention to operation project though closing project stage demonstrated in the Analysis. Conclusion: The pharmacy technicians on job training system established within the healthcare system and pharmacy regulations. The pharmacy technicians on the job training system are regularly improving accordingly at all Ministry of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Job, Ministry of Health, Pharmacy Technicians, Saudi Arabia, Training}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {23, title = {A Therapeutic Dose of Isoniazid Induced Seizure Episode}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {8-9}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Seizures are a common complication of drug intoxication, and up to 9\% of cases are caused by a drug or poison. Most drug-induced seizures are selflimited. It occurs generally as a result of inadequate inhibitory influences (e.g., gamma amino butyric acid, GABA) or excessive excitatory stimulation (e.g. glutamate) although many other neurotransmitters play a role. To minimize the risk of adverse events, the dose must be adjusted for the patient{\textquoteright}s age and medical history. Adverse events associated with INH are dose-related, with approximately 1-2\% occurring during conventional low-dose therapy. Seizures refractory to standard anticonvulsant therapy were controlled with the administration of pyridoxine. Benzodiazepines are the first-line treatment for drug-induced seizures, with addition of pyridoxine if isoniazid or other hydrazine toxicity is suspected. This is a case report of 29-year-old female patient admitted to the hospital for the complaints of severe breathlessness. She was diagnosed for pulmonary tuberculosis for which CAT 1 ATT regimen was initiated on her sixth day of admission. One hour later after the administration of first dose of ATT drug an episode of seizure was developed which lasted for 5 min. The drug was then stopped, and she was given vitamin B6 tablet of 40 mg. Re-challenging of each ATT drugs were carried out one by one. Patient did not develop any further episode of seizure even after continuing the drugs. She restarted antitubercular regimen and continued along with pyridoxine. This reports a case of seizure induced on a therapeutic dose of isoniazid.

}, keywords = {CAT ATT, Isoniazid, Re-challenge, Seizure, Therapeutic dose. Isoniazid should be closely monitored since it may cause seizure even with a single therapeutic dose.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.4}, author = {R. Arbind kumar and Aishwarya T.V and Elna paul} } @article {24, title = {Tramadol Induced Vomiting}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {19-20}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Adverse Drug reaction is defined as the unintended response to a drug which occurs at doses normally used in man for the prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease or for the modifications of physiological functions. Tramadol is a codeine analog which is commonly used as an analgesic. Two cases of Tramadol induced vomiting are presented. Cases: A middle aged two female patients were admitted to the hospital in which one patient was diagnosed with cervical radiculopathy and lumbar disc disease and the other with acute synovitis on both knees. On the first day she started with intravenous tramadol 50mg thrice a day for pain, then she experienced three episodes of vomiting for which she was given intravenous ondansetron4mg. Second day the same drug was given that also developed two episodes of vomiting. Both patients were administered with Tramadol for pain and experienced vomiting which was treated with ondansetron. The drug was stopped and alternative analgesic was given.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Cervical radiculopathy, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis, Tramadol, Vomiting}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.7}, author = {Arbind Kumar R and Elna paul and Aishwarya TV} } @article {25, title = {Ameliorative Effect of Methanolic Extract of Allium cepa on Anticonvulsant Activity of Chloroform Extract of Acorus calamus Linn. Rhizomes}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {39-42}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Background:Acorus calamus is used in Ayurvedic System of Medicine as Medhya rasayana and prescribed as an aphrodisiac and nerve tonic since ancient times. Methanolic extract of Allium cepa (AC) bulbs was reported to possess anti-oxidant activity. Objective: In this study we evaluated antiepileptic activity of chloroform extract containing β{\textendash}Asarone (CBA) alone in varying doses and its combinations with varying doses of methanolic extract of Allium cepa bulbs (MAC) in Isoniazid induced seizure model in mice. Method: Isoniazid (INH, 150mg/kg) induced seizure model was used to study antiepileptic effects in mice. The mice were administered the test (CBA1, CBA2, CBA3, CBAC1, CBAC2 and CBAC3 and standard drug (Sodium valproate) 1hr before inducing seizures. The animals were observed for 2 hrs for onset of seizures and death. Results: Study has shown that CBA at a dose of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg offered 50\%, 83.33\% and 100\% protection against death respectively whereas CBAC, the combinations of CBA (50mg/kg) with 100, 200 and 300mg/kg dose of MAC shows 66.67\%, 100\% and 100\% protection of animals against death respectively prolonging the mean time for onset of seizures and reducing the severity of seizures as compared to CBA (50mg/kg) alone. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Allium cepa ameloriated the anticonvulsant activity of chloroform extract containing β{\textendash}Asarone and also reduced the severity of seizure episodes at all doses. The combined therapy of β-Asarone and Allium cepa can prove to be an alternative to synthetic antiepileptic drugs.

}, keywords = {Acorus calamus, Allium cepa, Anticonvulsant, Isoniazid (INH), β-Asarone}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2017.3.7}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/351}, author = {Rahul Kaushik and Jainendra Jain and Rashmi Yadav and Lubhan Singh and Deepika Gupta and Akanksha Gupta} } @article {26, title = {Comparative Study of Hemoglobin Level in Patients with Control Group Suffered from Chronic kidney Disease}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {62-65}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {62}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hemoglobin is associated with quality of life and outcome in patients with chronic diseases including chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and end stage renal disease (ESRD), keeping hemoglobin optimal will decrease risk of complications in these patients. Objective: To monitor Hemoglobin levels monthly in sixty patients of Hemodialysis and of peritoneal dialysis and to compare quality of life between two groups of patients. Methods: This study was conducted in patients who were having chronic kidney disease on dialysis but doing follow up. Half of patients were on Hemodialysis (HD) and remaining half were receiving Peritoneal Dialysis (PD). All patients{\textquoteright} blood samples were done monthly for Hemoglobin level. At the same time their quality of life was assessed by three factors including their physical activity, functional activity and symptoms of the renal failure. Hemoglobin and activity standards were checked monthly. Patients hemoglobin level was compared, frequencies were calculated. Regression analysis was used for the correlation. Results: Sixty (60) patients were studied including 98(78\%) and female 27(23\%). Mean Age in years was 41 to 68. Out of them 43(34\%) of CKD, 41(32\%) on HD and other 41(32\%) were on PD. Monthly mean hemoglobin levels were calculated. Relationship value of low hemoglobin with quality of life was determined. Result of effect of low hemoglobin on functional activity was significant P Value 0.000142. Conclusion: Low hemoglobin effect the functional activity while other parameters physical health and symptoms were not being affected.

}, keywords = {Chronic kidney disease, Control groups, End stage renal disease, Hemoglobin}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2017.3.12}, author = {Muhammad Razi Ullah Khan and Sajid Bashir and Syed Muhammad Aun} } @article {27, title = {Dexamethasone-Loaded PLGA Microspheres: Effective and Sustained Anticancer Drug Delivery System}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {55-61}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Objective: Encapsulation of dexamethasone (DEX) anticancer drug with Poly (d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microsphere (MS) was carried out for sustained release system. Methods: The characterizations of MS were analyzed using XRD, FTIR, RP-HPLC, TEM, CLSM, and XRD patterns and reported the physical state of the encapsulated PLGA microsphere (DEXPLGA MS). Results: The presence of 2 θ peaks values at 33.17{\textdegree}, 35.63{\textdegree}, 49.46{\textdegree} and 54.09{\textdegree} confirmed the semi-crystalline phase for the DEX drug. FTIR showed peaks at 1695 cm-1, 1644 cm-1 and 1602 cm-1 were shown to be confirming DEX encapsulation. The MTT assay showed a greater cellular uptake of DEX-PLGA MS and the new formulation showed steady and sustained release of DEX resulting in a lower short term cytotoxic effect against HEP-G2 cells. Conclusion: In the present study, the drug encapsulation microsphere is non-toxic, simple, and an ideal method for anticancer drug release. The present results revealed that the use of DEX-PLGA MS offers large-scale production of biocompatible microspheres that can be used against HEP-G2 cells.

}, keywords = {Confocal laser scanning microscopy, Dexamethasone, MTT assay, PLGA, Sustained release, TEM}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2017.3.11}, author = {Elangovan Vimalkumar and Chinnaperumal Kamaraj and Pachiyappan Rajiv Gandhi} } @article {28, title = {Elucidation of In-vitro thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, cytotoxic activities and phytochemical nature of Bruguiera cylindrica leaves}, journal = {Biology, Engineering, Medicine and Science Reports}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017}, pages = {7-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study was intended to investigate possible phytochemical nature (group determinant of plant extract) and to reveal in-vitro thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing and cytotoxic activities of crude methanolic extracts of Bruguiera cylindrica leaves. Methods: Collected plant parts were cleaned, dried, and ground to obtain powdery mass. Various methanolic extracts of B. cylindrica was subjected for evaluating membrane stabilizing potentials at a hypotonic solution and heat induce condition, where thrombolytic activity assessment was done by employing Streptokinase as standard. Finally, Cytotoxicity activity was determined by Brine shrimp Lethality bioassay. Results: Phytochemical screening of methanolic extracts revealed the presence of carbohydrate(s), glycoside(s), phenol, tannin, protein(s), gum and mucilages. Crude methanolic extracts with different doses were used for in-vitro thrombolytic study and 10 mg/ml concentration of plant extracts showed moderate clot lysis (14.51{\textpm}1.87\%) while the standard (streptokinase) showed 59.73 {\textpm}0.97\% clot lysis. The methanolic extracts exhibited significant anti-inflammatory properties at 10mg/ml concentration by both hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of erythrocyte membrane i.e. 18.53{\textpm}0.91\% and 23.60{\textpm}0.89\% respectively. In contrast to vincristine sulphate the crude methanolic extracts showed moderate cytotoxic properties with LC50 value of 16.628. Conclusions: Our present study suggest that, further studies may carry on this plant extracts to build up an acceptable report in the medical science.

}, keywords = {B. cylindrica, Cytotoxic, Membrane stabilizing, phytochemical screening, Thrombolytic}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2017.3.2}, author = {Safiqul Islam and Md. Shalahuddin Millat and Md. Saddam Hussain and Md. Abdur Rahman and Md. Mizanur Rahman Moghal and Jasmin Ara Nipa and Imam Hasan and Meer Hossain} } @article {29, title = {GC-MS Metabolite Profiling, Antibacterial, Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Brown Seaweeds, Sargassum wightii Greville Ex J. Agardh, 1848 and Stoechospermum marginatum (C. Agardh) K{\"u}tzing 1843}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {27-34}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {27}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study focuses on antibacterial, antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of brown seaweed Stoecho- spermum marginatum (SMME) and Sargassum wightii (SWME). Methods: The antibacterial activities of the seaweed extracts were determined by agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical, antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of the selected seaweed extracts were performed. Results: The phytochemical analysis of SMME and SWME has confirmed the presence of fixed oil, fat, tannin, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenol compounds, saponin etc. The SWME showed maximum activity against Staphylococ- cus aureus and minimum activity against Escherichia coli. And the SMME has shown moderate activity against S. aureus. The antidiabetic efficacy of SWME revealed the maximum effect with the inhibitory concentration value (IC50: 58.36 μg/mL) followed by SMME. The SWME has showed the highest scavenging property in all the tested assays (DPPH, FRAP and H2O2) in relation to the control, ascorbic acid. The bioactive metabolites of the extracts were chemically characterized by FTIR and GCMS analyses. GC-MS analysis of SWME revealed the presence of a major chemical compound, hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester (13.35\%) which might be responsible for the recorded activity. The FTIR spectrum analyses of crude extracts revealed the presence of alkyl halides, alkanes, amides, aromatics and carboxylic acids. Hence, the present study could form a base-line for the effective biomedical utilization of the seaweed, S. wightii.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Brown seaweeds, Sargassum wightii, Stoechospermum mariginatum.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2017.3.5}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/349}, author = {Paramasivam Deepak and Muthu Paulraj Diviya Josebin and Rajasekaran Kasthuridevi and Rajamani Sowmiya and Govindasamy Balasubramani and Dilipkumar Aiswarya and Pachiappan Perumal} } @article {30, title = {In silico Screening of Thiazolidine 4-one Derivatives for Antitumor Activity}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, month = { October 2017}, pages = {35-38}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Objectives: To evaluate the potent histone deacetylase inhibitory activity of thiazolidine 4-one derivatives using Molegro virtual docker 6.0 version. Methods: Chromone derivatives were drawn using ACD Chem Sketch software, Histone deacetylase a well-known tumor inhibitor is chosen as standard. Insilco docking studies were carried out using Molegro virtual docker version 6.0. Results: Docking results showed all the selected Ligands has binding energy ranging between 40.36 kcal/mol to-47.67kcal/ mol when compared with that of standard which has binding energy 40.42 Conclusion:Thiazolidone derivatives reported best histone deacetylase inhibitory activity because of its structural parameters. Further study on thiazolidine-4-one derivatives and in vivo and in vitro study are necessary to develop target moieties for treatment of tumor.

}, keywords = {Binding affinity, Histone deacetylase, Molegro virtual docker, Thiazolidine 4-one, Thiazolidone.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2017.3.6}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/350}, author = {Palayyan Muralidharan and Gejalakshmi Subramaniam} } @article {31, title = {In vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Sulforaphane}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {47-49}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

Background: Sulforaphane is mainly found in cruciferous vegetables. It is a glucosidal prodrug with many pharmacological activities like anti oxidant, anti ulcer, anti viral etc. The present work aims the screening of in vitro anti diabetic activity of Sulforaphane from broccoli extract. Method: The Hypoglycemic activity was performed with amylase inhibition assay by using chromogenic DNSA method. In this percentage inhibition of analyte was compared with that of control to conclude the proved anti diabetic activity. Result: Majority analyte concentration of 500μg exhibits significant inhibition of amylase enzyme which reflects potent anti diabetic effect. Conclusion: Despite of many adverse effects and short shelf life of present drugs here is a proved possibility of anti diabetic effect was found in Sulforaphane from broccoli extract.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, DNSA method, Glucosidal prodrug}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2017.3.9}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/353}, author = {Shaik Chand Basha and Komaragiri Rajesh Babu and Medabalimi Madhu and Chakka Gopinath} } @article {32, title = {In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of Psidium guajava Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {50-54}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {50}, abstract = {

Background: The incidence of diabetes is increasing rapidly in world wide. It produces disturbances in the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid. The reports prove that the various oxidative reactions are responsible for the various disorders like diabetes, cancer, aging etc. Evidences recommended that the natural medicines originating from plant source may represent a culturally relevant complementary treatment for diabetes. The present study aims to investigate the antioxidant activity of P. guajava leaves in an in vitro model of various extracts such as aqueous, ethanol and methanol. Method: The scavenging activity of DPPH, reducing power assay, NO, H2O2 and SOD is determined. Results: The results of the present study, proves all the three extracts which have an antioxidant activity in a dose dependent manner (250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500 μg/ml). The ethanolic extract of P. guajava leaves which have high activity when compared to the other two extracts. Conclusion: All the three extracts of P. guajava leaves have an antioxidant activity in an in vitro model. Among the various extracts, the ethanolic extract has a high activity. Further studies are needed for compound identification and its action in an in vivo model

}, keywords = {DPPH, H2O2, NO, Psidium guajava, Reducing power assay, SOD}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2017.3.10}, author = {Ramasamy Manikandan and Arumugam Vijaya Anand and Rengasamy Lakshminarayanan Rengaraj and Puthamohan Vinayakamoorthi and Radhakrishnan Ramalingam} } @article {33, title = {Isolation of beta-Asarone from Acorus calamus Linn. and Evaluation of its Anticonvulsant Activity using MES and PTZ Models in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {21-26}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Introduction:Acorus calamus is being used in Ayurveda as Medhya Rasayana to enhance mental ability and used in treatment of various brain related disorders. Objective: Extraction of volatile oil from Acorus calamus rhizomes and Isolation of β{\textendash}Asarone from it and anticonvulsant activity of volatile oil in mice using MES and PTZ models. Method: The volatile (calamus) oil was extracted using hydro steam distillation. Calamus oil was subjected to column chromatography using Silica gel in glass column for isolation of β-Asarone. Calamus oil was evaluated for anticonvulsant activity at 30, 100 and 300mg/kg dose using MES, scPTZ, minimum clonic seizure (at 6 Hz.) model and Rotarod test was used to determine the neurotoxicity of volatile oil. Results:β-Asarone was isolated and confirmed by structure elucidation using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IRS, UVS and Mass spectroscopy. Calamus oil was found to be inactive in preliminary screening at all dose levels but has shown neurotoxicity at 300 mg/kg. Although, volatile oil was found to be active in minimal clonic seizure test at 6 Hz. At 100 mg/kg, it displayed protection even up to 4.0hr indicating longer duration of action. ED50 (48.13 mg/kg) and TD50 (224.13 mg/kg) of volatile oil at 6 Hz in mice also determined at 95\% C.I. Protective index(PI) value of volatile oil was found to be 4.65. The experimental results were compared with the standard drug Phenytoin (30 mg/kg). Conclusion: The calamus oil has shown a protective index that can be compared with Phenytoin and can be used as an alternate of synthetic antiepileptic drugs.

}, keywords = {Acorus calamus, Anticonvulsant, Calamus Oil, β-Asarone}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2017.3.4}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/347}, author = {Rahul Kaushik and Jainendra Jain and Rashmi Yadav and Lubhan Singh and Deepika Gupta and Akanksha Gupta} } @article {34, title = {Physical Endurance Enhancement of Withania somnifera Milk Treated Powder Compared to Commercial Preparation in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {70-73}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {70}, abstract = {

Background: The duration one can apply energy to an activity is limited by stamina (endurance). Recent studies using extracts of ashwagandha (Withania) root powder, either aqueous or ethanolic suspension, have demonstrated a significant increase in physical endurance. Milk treatment enhances the potency of herbal preparations. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of milk treated root powder of ashwagandha as compared to standard preparation, in enhancing the physical endurance in mice, using swim endurance model. Methods: Male, Swiss albino mice (31 {\textendash} 35 g, 6 {\textendash} 8 weeks old) were randomized into 3 groups of 6 animals each : Control - Carboxy Methyl Cellulose 0.5\%, Standard - commercial preparation of ashwagandha (100mg / Kg), test - milk treated ashwagandha root powder (100 mg/ Kg). Study drugs were administered per oral, once daily, for 7 days. On day 8, animals were allowed to swim in a propylene tank of dimension 40 cm x 25 cm x 15 cm, with water level at 25 cm. The animals were allowed to swim till exhaustion. The end point of swim endurance was when the mice near drowned. Results: There was a significant increase in the physical endurance in the treatment as compared to control .One way ANOVA (F (2, 15) = 13.000, p = 0.001), Tukey{\textquoteright}s post hoc test of milk treated vs standard (p = 0.207) however, was not significant. Conclusion: Milk treated Withania somnifera was not significantly different as compared to the standard preparation, though it was better than the control.

}, keywords = {Antifatigue activity, Glycowithanolides, Physical endurance, Swim endurance, Withania somnifera}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2017.3.14}, author = {Pradhyumna Muralidharan and John Michael D{\textquoteright}Cruz and Tomson Toms and Jeffrey Pradeep Raj and Mangala Rao} } @article {35, title = {Pre-Clinical Toxicological Evaluation of Rostellularia diffusa: Hematological, Biochemical, and Histopathological Studies}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {66-69}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {66}, abstract = {

Background:\ Rostellularia diffusa (Willd.) is a traditional herb belongs to acanthaceae family. The whole plants are used as brain tonic in traditional practice. There were no earlier reports on the safety assessment of Rostellularia diffusa. Objective: the present study was undertaken to assess the safe use of this plant in traditional practice. Method: The acute oral toxicity study of hydro alcoholic extract of Rostellularia diffusa (AERD) was carried out as per the OECD guidelines 423 and the sub-acute toxicity was carried out at a dose of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg as per OECD 407 guidelines in male and female rats. Results: Rats were administered up to 2000 mg/kg as a single dose orally not caused any signs of toxicity or mortality in rats. In sub-acute toxicity study in rats, AERD at two different daily doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg for 14 days did not cause any significant change including the hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological examinations showed normal architecture suggesting no morphological disturbances. Conclusion: No deaths or any signs of toxicity was observed after oral administration in acute toxicity study up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg of AERD in rats and up to a dose of 300 mg/kg of AERD in sub-acute toxicity study in rats.

}, keywords = {Brain tonic, Herbal medicine, Rostellularia diffusa, Toxicity study}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2017.3.13}, author = {Mohamed T S Saleem and Chinni Krishnaiah V and Gannepureddy Soumya and Sowjanya Burra and Shaik Abdul Hafeez and Repana Babu and Peddamoyana Rajesh Kumar and Gopinath Chakka} } @article {37, title = {Self-medication Patterns among Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross Sectional Institution Based Study}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {43-46}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {43}, abstract = {

Objective: Self-medication practice among doctors develops during their undergraduate training. The aim of this study is to assess self-medication patterns among 3rd year undergraduate medical students at the end of their academic year, as pharmacology is taught to them in this year of MBBS course. Methods: This cross-sectional institution based study was conducted after approval by ERB-BUMDC at Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi from October-December 2013 which is the end of their academic year. The participants were 3rd year medical students. All the descriptive data was collected by using specially designed questionnaire, filled on one to one basis by taking an oral interview. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 and reported as frequencies and percentage. Results: Self-medication was reported by 67 (72.82\%) students out of 92 students. Quick relief (43\%) was the common reason to provoke medical students in indulging self-medication. Acetaminophen was the commonly used analgesic (73\%) as well as antipyretic (69\%) whereas Metronidazole (19\%) and Amoxicillin Plus Clavulanic acid (17.3\%) were the commonly used antibiotics. 97\% of students used acetaminophen in appropriate dose, frequency and duration. Whereas 85\% and 94\% of students used metronidazole and amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid in appropriate dose, frequency and duration respectively. Conclusion: Frequency of self-medication is high among 3rd year undergraduate medical students at the end of their academic year but majority of students are using medicines in appropriate dose, frequency and duration which may be due to influence of teaching pharmacology to them in this year of MBBS course.

}, keywords = {3rd Year medical students, Allopathic drugs, End of third academic year, Pharmacology teaching, Self-medication}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2017.3.8}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/352}, author = {Tahira Assad and Nasim Karim and Ishrat Younus and Zeeshan Feroz} } @article {38, title = {Serratia marcescens (Enterobacteriaceae): An alternate biocontrol agent for mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017}, pages = {14-20}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Background: The insecticides of microbial origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol agents. The present study aimed to identify the major chemical constituents and test the larvicidal toxicity of Serratia marcescens against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Materials and Methods: The mosquito bioassay test of four different concentrations (100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm/ml) of bacterial extracts was performed as per standard protocols. The chemical compounds and its functional groups were identified by GC-MS and FT-IR analysis, respectively. Results: The larval bioassay results observed better effect with the varied levels of LC50 and LC90 values. Six major compounds identified by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS) and named as follows: 1-o-monoacetyl-2, 3-o-dibenzoyld- ribofuranose (20.255\%), 1-butanol, 3-methyl-, benzoate (19.380\%), Bentiamine (18.855\%), Benzoic acid 2-bromoethyl ester (18.415\%), and Cyclotrisiloxane hexamethyl- (2.658\%). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectral analysis reflect the functional groups of (aromatic, alkynes and amines) the biomolecules. Conclusion: We found the increased level of larval mortality based on extract concentrations and exposure time.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Larvicidal bioassay, Serratia marcescens, Spectral study}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2017.3.3}, author = {Chinnasamy Ragvendran and Devarajan Natarajan} } @article {39, title = {A Study on the Knowledge and Barriers Towards ADRs Reporting among Community Pharmacists in Enugu and Nsukka areas, South-Eastern Nigeria}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {EManuscript}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: The unique position of community pharmacist (CP) particularly in the developing economies places them at the forefront of pharmacovigilance. The need of providing an enabling environment is of importance in encouraging them to report cases of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This is with a view of minimising inherent risks associated with drug use. The study aims at assessing the knowledge, barrier to ADRs reporting and factors that could improve spontaneous reporting. Methods: A cross sectional study-survey, using a self-structured questionnaire was adopted. The study consisted of pharmacists in community settings. The sample size was determined using online sample size calculator RaoSoft at a confidence of 95\%. Out of 150 pharmacists targeted only 40 responded. Results: Majority (92.5\%) of the pharmacists had between 1-20 years Community Pharmacy Practice experience. About 40\% of them see over 100 patients daily with 17.5\% witnessing more than 10 ADR cases. However, 52.5\% had not reported encountered ADRs cases, for the past 12 months. Barriers to reporting included, insufficient knowledge of pharmacotherapy in detecting ADRs (57.5\%), lack of reporting forms (40\%) and lack of adequate professional environment to discuss issues relating to ADRs (75\%). Some of the factors adduced that can encourage and enhance spontaneous reporting were listed as, proper guideline for spontaneous reporting system (SRS) and making reporting obligatory instead of voluntary. In addition, a simple reporting method instituted with regular feedback. Conclusions: Despite having huge turnover of patients and seeing ADRs cases, there appeared to be a massive under-reporting in the area of study. Authors observed that majority of the pharmacists were afraid of being incriminated, due to the high level of self-medication practices encouraged by them.

}, keywords = {Adverse Drug reactions, Community pharmacists, Patients, Pharmacovigilance, physician, Spontaneous reporting system}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2017.3.1}, author = {Emeka Promise Madu and Badger-Emeka Lorena Ineta} } @article {40, title = {Antihypergluco-lipidemic and Antioxidant activities in Aqueous methanol Extract of Some Vegetables Peel: An in vitro Analysis}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {15-20}, type = {Research Aricle}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Objective: To examine phytochemical constituents, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and free radical scavenging activities in 50\% methanol extract of peels of Cucumis melo var. chito (CM), Cucumis pubescens (CP), Lagenaria siceraria (LS), Luffa acutangula (LA), and Momordica charantia (MC) applying in vitro methods. Material and Methods: Total polyphenol (gallic acid equivalent; GAE), flavonoid (rutin equivalent; RE) and anthocyanin (cyanidine-3-glucoside equivalent; CGE) content were estimated. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS.+); nitric oxide (NO) scavenging; nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction; advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), intestinal α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase and liver Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1β (PTP 1β) inhibitory activities were examined in vitro. Results: Peel of CM (1190 μgGAE/g) and MC (923 μgGAE/g) was rich in polyphenol and flavonoids (68.8, 145.1 μgRE/g respectively). Anthocyanin content was more in MC (167 mg CGE/100 g) than others. LS potently scavenged ABTS.+ (SC50, 99 μg) and DPPH (SC50 , 0.6 mg) radicals. Inhibition of vesperlysinelike AGEs (71.5\%) was significant (p\<0.006) than pentosidine-like AGEs (14.8\%) by LA peel. Inhibition of pentosidine-like AGEs was significant (p\<0.009) by CM than CP peel. MC reduced (84.5 \%) only vesperlysine-like AGEs. Intestinal α-glucosidase was inhibited (23.02 \%) by MC peel only. Pancreatic lipase was inhibited by CM (74.5\%) and CP (58.6 \%) peels. The LS reduced PTP 1β (32.1 \%) more potently than others. Conclusion: Vegetable peels present variable degree of antioxidant, antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities.

}, keywords = {Advanced glycation end products, Antioxidant, Intestinal α-glucosidase, Porcine pancreatic lipase, Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1β.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.1.4}, author = {Srishti Shukla and Ambati Anusha and Katta Archana and Dommati Anand Kumar and Amtul Zehra and Yellu Narsimha Reddy and Ashok Kumar Tiwari} } @article {41, title = {Comparative Performance of Four Indian Pharmocognosy Journals}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {May 2016}, pages = {31-34}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

The study presents an analysis of articles covered in four pharmacognosy journals during 2010-13 and the citations obtained by these articles during 2010-15. The study developed immediacy index and impact factor, besides identifying high cited articles published in these four journals. The findings revealed that Pharmacognosy Review has performed the best, followed by Pharmacognosy Magazine, Pharmacognosy Research and Pharmacognosy Journal.

}, keywords = {Citation analysis, India, Performance evaluation, Pharmacognosy Journals, Scientometrics}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.2.3}, author = {K.K. Mueen Ahmed and Madhu Bansal and B.M. Gupta} } @article {42, title = {Evaluation of antimutagenic potential of Lagenaria siceraria, Desmodium gangeticum and Leucas aspera}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {August 2016}, pages = {56-60}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate antimutagenic (anticlastogenic) activity of methanolic extract of Lagenaria siceraria fruit, Desmodium gangeticum and Leucas aspera. Method: The group distribution for animal was, negative control, only extract treated,positive control (cyclophosphamide treated), and two treatment control group for each plant extract. Mutagenicity was induced byadministering cyclophosphamide (20-25 mg/kg, i.p) 24 hrs prior to sacrify animals. Result: The preliminary phytochemical tests showed presence of alkaloids, polyphenols, flavanoids and tannins in alcoholic extract. It{\textquoteright}s antioxidant and cytoprotective activity of the extracts has already been reported. On thebasis of that we have decided to evaluate its antimutagenic activity in vivo in miceusing bone marrow chromosomal aberration assay. Methanolic extract of selected plants had shown significant reduction in percentage of cells with aberration in chromosomal aberration assay. Theresults obtained by these experiments, strongly suggesting that Lagenaria siceraria fruit extract having potent antimutagenic property than desmodium gangeticum and Leucas aspera. The overall antimutagenic activity of above three extract were in the order of Lagenaria siceraria\>Desmodium gangeticum\>Leucas aspera. The observed antimutagenic activity of selected plant against Cyclophosphamide might be associated with itsantioxidant constituents such as poly-phenolic compound, flavanoids and other micronutrients. Conclusion: Therefore, from the present study, it can be concluded that methanolic extract of selected indigenous plant extract possesses antimutagenic property.

}, keywords = {Antimutagenic activity, Chromosomal aberration assay, Desmodium gangeticum, Lagenaria siceraria, Leucas aspera}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.2.9}, author = {Thakkar Jalaram Hasmukhlal and Santani Dev Das and Patel Chirag Amrutlal and Jani Girish Kantilal} } @article {43, title = {Evaluation of Immunosuppressive Effects of Azathioprine and Cyclophosphamide in CD1 Mice Flow Cytometer}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {May 2016}, pages = {35-40}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Introduction: Qualitative and quantitative analysis of single cells treated with immunomodulators can be done by FACS. T cells, B cells and NK cells, designated as CD cells, are the immunological biomarkers of various haematological conditions which are attributed to prognosis and diagnosis of related disorders. Azathioprine and Cyclophosphamide are immunosuppressive agents, having different mode of action and classification which are been used clinically. Here, we have compared the dose of Azathioprine and Cyclophosphamide in CD-1{\textregistered} mice through lymhocytes{\textquoteright} enumeration by FACS to compare the potency of immunosuppression. Methods: Randomly divided male and female mice were treated with AZA 20, AZA 50 and CPM 20 for four days, Body weight and feed consumption was taken on day 1 and 5. Collected blood samples were mixed with antibodies. Samples were lysed by lysing solution. Repeated washing and centrifugation yields leucocytes in each tube for estimation. Lymhocytes{\textquoteright} enumeration was performed for CD3, CD4, CD7, CD8, CD16, CD19 and CD45 and percent population of CD markers were evaluated. Results and Conclusion: All the animals were normal throughout treatment. No significant change in body weight, percent body weight change and food consumption was observed. No gross lesions were observed. Total lymhocytes{\textquoteright} counts were decreased. Double negative tregs of CD4- and CD8- in female mice showed potent immunosuppressive effects and sensitivity towards female gender. Azathioprine was less immunosuppressive than Cyclophosphamide at 20 mg/ kg body weight.

}, keywords = {CD cells, Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting System (FACS), Immunotoxicity, Leucocytes, Lymphocyte enumeration}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.2.4}, author = {Mehul Pandya and Darpesh Gohel and Manish V. Patel} } @article {44, title = {Evaluation of Metabolic Syndrome Signs in two Different Animal Models}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {May 2016}, pages = {41-44}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Objectives: In experimental pharmacology fructose induced metabolic syndrome is one among the standardized model used to induce insulin resistance across the globe. Various laboratory guidelines define different methods for the same. Hence the study has been undertaken to standardized and compare between two rat models of metabolic syndrome based on biochemical and histopathological examinations after permission was obtained from the institutional ethical committee. Methods: In experimental study wistar albino rats were subjected to evaluate the influence of fructose by two different methods to induce metabolic syndrome. Analysis of data was done with one way ANOVA followed by Dunnet{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison T test with Post hoc test using {\textquotedblleft}Graphpad prism Instat software{\textquotedblright}. Results: Induction of metabolic syndrome was done in current study with using 15 \% of fructose in group 1 took 8 weeks with P value 0.0456, considered signify t=2.427 with 7 degrees of freedom, however group 2 which was induced by high diet 60\% fructose in less duration of only 2 weeks with two tailed P value is \< 0.0001, considered significant. Changes were higher in Diet induced metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Both models have shown elevated blood glucose level, fructose diet group has shown higher glucose level in comparison to fructose drinking water group. The elevated glucose level may be because of fructose doesn{\textquoteright}t stimulate the secretion of insulin from pancreas β cells and also in hypertriglyceridemia there is a reduction in insulin sensitivity this may leads to the formation of hyperglycemia.

}, keywords = {Fructose Diet, Fructose water, Insulin resistance, Insulin sensitivity., Metabolic syndrome}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.2.5}, author = {Ashutosh Chaturvedi and Basavaiah Ravishankar and Niranjan Rao and Ravi Mudugaru} } @article {45, title = {Exploring the pharmacological and pharmacotherapeutic effects of yoga}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {Nov 2015}, pages = {6-10}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {

Yoga is a spiritual technique incorporating a wide variety of practices whose goal is the development of a state of mental and physical health, well-being, inner harmony and ultimately to achieve a state of oneness with the universe. Yoga can modify the disease state and give a way to live healthy. Many of systemic disorder associated with stress and regular yoga practice may improve adaptive autonomic response to stress. Yoga can be used as supportive or complementary therapy in conjunction with medical therapy for the treatment of any systemic disorder. The recent studies showed beneficial effect of yoga on the management/ treatment of diabetes, blood pressure, arthrosclerosis and etc. The main objective of this review is to summarize the pharmacological aspects, medical benefits and health benefits of the yoga.

}, keywords = {GABA, Meditation, Mental health, Yoga.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.1.2}, author = {Subramani Parasuraman and Lim Ee Wen and Khor Ming Zhen and Chin Kean Hean and Aaseer Thamby Sam} } @article {46, title = {Hot-melt extrusion (HME)and its application for pharmacokinetic improvement of poorly water soluble drugs.}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {August 2016}, pages = {47-51}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

For orally administered drugs solubility is one of the rate-limiting parameter to achieve their desired concentration in systemic circulation for pharmacological response. Poor solubility and poor permeability is responsible for 40 to 70\% incidence of delay or failure for new chemical entities during the developmental process. Due to this, formulation scientist faces a major challenge to develope a formulation with good bioavailability.By adopting various technological approaches during the pharmaceutical product development which include physical and chemical approaches such as micronization, pH adjustment, solid dispersion, complexation, co-solvent, salt formation, nanotechnology, use of surfactant, hydrotophy and polymorphs that can be overcome. At present due to its wide applications, simple process and low costs, solid dispersion prepared by hot melt extrusion (HME) has gained popularity in the pharmaceutical industry as a means of improving the bioavailability of drugs. Hot-melt extrusion (HME) is an efficient technology for producing solid molecular dispersions with considerable advantages including the absence of solvents, few processing steps, continuous operation over solvent-based processes such as spray drying and co-precipitation and HME is one of the recommonded process by FDA to encourage move from batch-to-continuous manufacturing.

}, keywords = {Absorption, Bioavailability, Hot melt extrusion, Poorly soluble drugs, Solid dispersion, Solubility}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.2.7}, author = {Devendra Ridhurkar and Attila Vajdai and Zsolt Zsigmond} } @article {47, title = {Improving Access to New Treatments with Value Based Pricing: An Indian Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {Nov 2015}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The last few years have witnessed significant changes in pharmaceutical pricing model across the world. These changes were driven primarily by payers in an attempt to control rising health care costs. As per the old concept of pharmaceutical pricing model, prices were determined by market forces with hardly any scrutiny by regulatory bodies. These old methods have given way to some of the newer concept such as the Value Based Pricing (VBP), Health Technology Assessment (HTA) and Health Outcomes Analysis (HOA). VBP is an innovative method of pricing medicines wherein both the payers and pharma companies agree to link payment for a medicine to value achieved i.e. actual observed in real-world performance. Pricing is based on willingness to pay or the perceived additional benefit of new drugs relative to established comparator therapies. Value based pricing results in improved patient outcomes and ensures consistent access to medicines. As a result, elements of VBP are commonly embraced in mature pharmaceutical markets viz. Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, South Korea, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom (beginning autumn 2014). However, regulators in India are lagging behind other countries in adopting elements of VBP in their pricing model. This review will discuss various aspects of VBP including its impact on health care system and patients; barriers to the use of VBP; and reasons for its absence in India.

}, keywords = {Health Outcomes, Health Technology Assessment, Pharmaceutical Pricing., Treatment Access, Value Based Pricing}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.1.1}, author = {Amit Dang and Shilpa Mendon and Pruthvi Desireddy} } @article {48, title = {Mepolizumab in Eosinophilic Asthma-Striking a Target that was almost Debunked}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {May 2016}, pages = {24-26}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {24}, abstract = {

Bronchial asthma continues to be a disease that has high morbidity and a significant proportion of patients remain symptomatic with frequent exacerbations, particularly the eosinophilic variant asthma. Mepolizumab is an anti-interleukin-5 humanized monoclonal antibody that prevents the eosinophilic inflammation in the lungs. The drug was found to reduce the sputum and blood eosinophilic count which was in consonance with its mechanism of action. However earlier clinical trials with the drug proved to be disappointing, due to the lacklustre performance with end points that focussed on the symptoms of the disease and pulmonary function testing. Subsequently trials focussed on selecting patients who had eosinophilic variant asthma with frequent exacerbations who were resistant to even treatment with systemic corticosteroids. The drug was shown to reduce the frequency of exacerbations in pivotal clinical trials besides reducing the dose of steroid requirement. Mepolizumab is to be given via subcutaneous injection once monthly at a dose of 75 to 250 mg. While the drug does meet an unmet need in the population, the long terms effects, most appropriate dose and frequency of usage and its efficacy in other related hypereosinophilic disorders warrants further exploration.

}, keywords = {Bronchial asthma, Eosinophilic asthma, Exacerbations, Hypereosinophilic asthma, Interleukin 5., Mepolizumab}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.2.1}, author = {Damal Kandadai Sriram and Govindaraj Gowri and Melvin George} } @article {49, title = {Newly Developed and Validated Method of Montelukast Sodium Estimation in Tablet Dosage Form by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Reverse Phase - High Performance Liquid Chromatography}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {May 2016}, pages = {27-30}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {27}, abstract = {

Objective: Simple high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and ultraviolet (UV) methods were newly developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of Montelukast (ML) in pharmaceutical dosage form. Material and Methods: HPLC was carried out by reverse phase-HPLC technique on a C18 column with a good mobile phase consist of 10 mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile [(pH 5.5 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid (25:75, v/v)]. UV method was developed with the wavelength at 280 nm. Two methods showed good linearity, reproducibility and precision. Both the methods (UV and HPLC) showed no spectral or chromatographic interferences from the tablet excipients. Results: The developed methods were successfully applied to dosage forms. Validation parameters were carried out such as linearity, precision, accuracy, and specificity. The HPLC LOD and LOQ for montelukast were found to be 150 ng/ml and 500 ng/ml. The UV LOD and LOQ for montelukast were found to be 1 μg/ml and 5 μg/ ml. Both the results were statistically differentiated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The developed and validated economical methods could be applicable for analysis of ML and monitoring of the quality of available drugs.

}, keywords = {Estimation, HPLC, Montelukast, Tablets, UV, Validation}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.2.2}, author = {Selvadurai Muralidharan and Low Jia Qi and Lai Ting Yi and Narvinder Kaur and Subramani Parasuraman and Jayaraja Kumar and Vijayan Venugopal and Palanimuthu Vasanth Raj} } @article {50, title = {Phenytoin induced Stevens Johnson syndrome: A case Report}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {Nov 2015}, pages = {22-23}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {22}, abstract = {

Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a disastrous consequence of hypersensitivity reaction precipitated by certain drugs and viral infections.Among the drugs, antiepileptics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds and antibiotics are commonly implicated in the pathogenesis of SJS, although the overall incidence of this entity is very low. The syndrome is characterizedby purpuricmaculesand bullous eruptions involving the mucous membrane which may be followed by systemic manifestations. The disease may be lethal if undiagnosed and untreated. \ Age of the patient, area of involvement, nutrition status and presence of co-morbidites are the important determining factors of prognosis.Septicemia and gastro intestinal bleeding are the lethal complications seen to develop if the disease remains untreated. Though not universal, but HLAB*1502 allele has been linked with phenytoin induced SJS in certain populations. Despite years of research, mechanism of SJS is not fully defined. Immune dysfunction mediated by T lymphocytes in response to phenytoin and oxidative stress generated by phenytoin are thought to be responsible.Here we present a case of SJSinduced by phenytoin in an adult female. The case warrants the need of adopting a meticulous approach while prescribing phenytoin, especially in females who are at increased risk of developing drug relateddermatological adverse effects.

}, keywords = {Anti-epileptics, pharmacovigilance., Phenytoin, Stevens Johnson syndrome}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.1.6}, author = {Upinder Kaur and Manish Bansal and Ajit Kumar and Sankha Shubhra Chakrabarti and Dinesh Kumar and Bl Pandey} } @article {51, title = {Plagiarism: management?}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {Nov 2015}, pages = {21}, type = {Letter to the Editor}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Several attempts were made worldwide to prevent and stop plagiarism. As noted by Banerjee, this is a second republication on an interesting article that is very useful for scientific readers.[1] However, many problems can still be detected. Some cases of complex plagiarisms and self-plagiarisms such as translational plagiarism, figure plagiarism and conceptual plagiarism can often be seen. The {\textquotedblleft}critical comments{\textquotedblright} or {\textquotedblleft}retraction note{\textquotedblright} might be a useful tool to correspond to the problem as noted by Banerjee. However, the rate of plagiarism is still high worldwide. The remained query is whether the present procedures to manage the plagiarism is effective or not. As note, plagiarism is an ethical issue, only content inserting in curriculum might not be sufficient. How to promote ethnical practice is the big issue that educationist has to find the answer. Academic honesty should be the main determinant for judgment of graduation of any student.[2] In the present day, we usually focus on knowledge and skill but not ethics. Also, the management of the detected plagiarism has to be further improved. It is questionable whether retraction note is sufficient to stop the problem or not. How about the role of the institute and society? Do we need a sanction campaign for the plagiarist? These questions need further discussion. The perspective by Banerjee corresponding to the raised issue can be helpful in stimulating the ethnical and honest authoring and publishing society.

}, keywords = {Letter, Plagiarism}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.1.5}, author = {Viroj Wiwanitkit} } @article {52, title = {Simple and Effective HPLC Method Development and its Validation for Ursolic acid in Drug Free plasma: Application to bioanalytical studies}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {August 2016}, pages = {52-55}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Objective: Simple and effective high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for estimation of ursolic acid in drug free human drug free blank plasma. Material and Methods: The current method was used protein precipitating extraction of ursolic acid from blank plasma. Separation was achieved on reversed-phase C18 column (250{\texttimes}4.6 mm, 5μ) and the detection was monitored by UV detector at 220 nm. The optimized mobile phase was used acetonitrile: 0.5\% triethyl amine (pH 4.0), in the ratio of 70:30 \% v/v at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. This linearity was achieved in this method range of 25.0{\textendash}150.0 ng/ml with regression coefficient range is 0.99. Results: The present method is suitable in terms of precise, accurate and specific during the study. The simplicity of the method allows for application in laboratories that lack sophisticated analytical instruments such as GC{\textendash}MS/MS or LC{\textendash}MS/MS that are costly, time consuming and complicated rather than a simple HPLC{\textendash}UV method. The present method was successfully applied for bioanalytical studies.

}, keywords = {Bioanalytical studies, HPLC, Method Development and Validation., Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.2.8}, author = {Selvadurai Muralidharan and Jayaraja Kumar and Venugopal Vijayan} } @article {53, title = {Stratified Medicine: Will it be the Future of Medicine?}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {Nov 2015}, pages = {11-14}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

The art of predicting the results of any drug treatment has always been a topic of interest among the scientific community across the globe. Many diseases have been attributed to gene defects, giving rise to a whole new field of pharmacogenomics within the domain of clinical pharmacology. Stratified medicine is the science of associating such diseases with genetic defects and predicting the efficacy or toxicity of a particular drug treatment. Advancements in this field have given hope to many patients suffering from malignancies and other diseases. For the clinicians, it provides guidance to effective management as opposed to the {\textquotedblleft}shooting in the dark{\textquotedblright} approach with empirical regimens. Stratified medicine has led to increased interaction between the pharmaceutical industry and the diagnostics industry, giving rise to the concept of codevelopement of drugs and diagnostics. This in turn has paved the way for better clinical trials and more cost effective drug development, thus bringing about far reaching changes in the pharmacoeconomics related to drug development. The article provides an overview of how stratified medicine got evolved and its current and future clinical implications. It also explains how {\textquotedblleft}companion diagnostics{\textquotedblright} play a crucial role in the success of stratified medicine along with its complex economics, pricing and reimbursement issues.

}, keywords = {Biomarkers, Companion diagnostics, Health Economics, Stratified Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.1.3}, author = {Amit Dang and Veena Shetye Angle} } @article {54, title = {Synthesis and characterization of PEGylated guar gum based nanoparticles: New approach in novel drug delivery system}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {August 2016}, pages = {61-65}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Objective: To investigate the synthesis of guar gum PEGylation and the nanoparticles preparation and evaluation of drug release characters were studied. Methods: The PEGylated particle was prepared by emulsification with cold homogenization. Results: The Acyclovir loaded nanoparticles were uniform and spherical with smooth surface. The entrapment efficiency (EE \%) was in range of 60-95\%. The entrapment was increased with increase in concentration of PEGylated guar gum. The particle size of Acyclovir nanoparticle was in range between 234.8-879.6 nm with polydespersibility range of 0.006-0.024, which reveals monodisperse nature. The PEGylated nanoparticle showed sustained drug release at 24 hours in the range of 54.28-62.58\%. The drug release behaviour was reported by zero order release with diffusion and erosion mechanism. Conclusion: The PEGylation was done successfully with guar gum. These PEGylated guar gum was produced spherical shaped nanoparticles and it was circulating and sustained the drug release in biocompatible manner. Acyclovir PEGylated nanoparticle was best choice for prolonged the drug release in HIV treatment.

}, keywords = {Acyclovir, Entrapment Efficiency, Guar Gum, In vitro Release, PeGlyation}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.2.10}, author = {Venugopal Vijayan and Munuswamy Purushothaman and James Anbu Raj} } @article {55, title = {A Unique case of Flunarizine Induced Extrapyramidal Syndrome and Depression}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {May 2016}, pages = {45-46}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Flunarizine is one the cerebroselective calcium channel blocker, commonly prescribed for migraine prophylaxis in neurology clinic. It is considered as non inferior to propranolol and amytriptyline to reduce the frequency of migraine attacks. Here we report a case flunarizine induced extrapyramidal syndrome and depression. A 37 year old female on tablet flunarzine 15 mg daily for her migraine signs of depression and restlessness, propensity to bend, slow reactions and mask face. Depression was rated using patient health questionnaire and extrapyramidal syndrome was diagnosed by modified simpson agnus scale and Barnes akathisia rating scale. Considering nil organic lesion and improvment of all symptoms with the cessation of flunrarizine, case was diagnosed as flunarizine induced depression and extrapyramidal disorder.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction, Drug induced depression, Extra pyramidal Syndrome, Flunarizine, Pharmacovigilance}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2016.2.6}, author = {Krishnan Vengadaragava Chary and Raman Krishnan} } @article {56, title = {Anti-Snake Venom (ASV) Induced Hypotension: An Emergent Complication of Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Feb, 2015}, pages = {35-36}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Increased incidence of snake bites has been found, especially in coastal regions where tropical cyclones are very frequent. Anti-snake venom (ASV) is the only effective antidote and a snake bite victim is always vulnerable to its associated adverse reactions. It has to be used only in patients in whom the benefits of treatment are considered to exceed the risks of reactions. The present case was appropriate candidate for ASV administration and showed signs of improvement initially as seen in most such cases, but developed hypotension 24 hours later which persisted till the next 24 hours in spite of prompt management with dopamine and continuation of ASV. But it was seen that, following withdrawal of ASV on the third day the patient recovered. Therefore, such emergent reactions like hypotension can be avoided by cautious use and continuous monitoring of a patient on ASV.

}, keywords = {Adverse reactions, Anti-snake venom, Coastal regions, Hypotension, Tropical cyclones.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.1.10}, author = {Yerramalli Roja Ramani and Bandana Rath and Uma Shankar Mishra and Himanshu Bhusan Sahu} } @article {57, title = {Aphrodisiac Activity of Cocos Nucifera Attentuates Cerric Sulphate Induced Infertility in Male Rats}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {5th May, 2015}, pages = {62-68}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {62}, abstract = {

Objective: In the present study, we examined the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of apical bud of cocos nucifera (HACN) in ceric sulphate induced infertility in male rats. Methods: Rats weighing 180 to 200 gm were randomized into 4 groups of 6 animals each that included saline treated rats (normal) were orally administered once daily with 0.5ml of distilled water, Ceric sulphate treated (1 mm/100 gm., s.c.) and HACN treated (200 and 400 mg/kg., p.o.). Ceric sulphate was given to the rats for 7 days for all the groups except saline treated rats then followed by administration of the HACN extract for 21 days. Parameters Evaluated: Sexual behavioural parameters including mount and intromission frequency (MF and IF) and mount, intromission and ejaculation latency (ML, IL, EL) as well as post ejaculatory interval (PEI) and body weight (BW) were recorded in male rats one hour after injection of extract by mating with a receptive female (1:1). Biochemical evaluation such as serum and cauda epididymidal testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and histopathological analysis of testis were also assessed. Results: Ceric sulphate treated rats significantly decreased sexual behaviour and also reduced the serum and cauda epidymidal tissue testosterone and DHT when compared to control rats. All these changes were significantly attenuated by ceric sulphate rats (with HACN extract). Ceric sulphate was found to be inducing sterility in male rats which has been confirmed after analyzing all the parameters of the study. Conclusion: From the results it may be concluded that hydroalcoholic extract of cocos nucifera may be used as a good aphrodisiac activity which can promote the fertility rate.

}, keywords = {Aphrodisiac, ceric sulphate, cocos nucifera, infertility, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.2.5}, author = {Ramakrishnan Prakash and Rajulu Dheeraj and Palayan Muralidharan and Krishnan Karthickeyan and Raji Vijayakumar and Thiraviam Purushoth Prabu} } @article {58, title = {Assessment of Pharmaceutical Care Services Provided by a Community Pharmacy in Kedah, Malaysia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {6th May, 2015}, pages = {73-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Objectives: To assess the pharmaceutical care services provided by the pharmacists in a community pharmacy in Kedah. Method: Prospective analysis of pharmaceutical care services provided by a community pharmacy in Kedah, by means of customized questionnaires given to the customers. Convenience sampling technique was used. Descriptive analysis was used to compute the data collected. Results: Out of a total of 508 respondents, 251 (49.41\%) of the patients responded that they always go to the community pharmacy; 377 (74.21\%) stated that the pharmacist discuss their health issues with them. 297 (58.46\%) respondents stated that the pharmacists spent around 5 to 9 minutes per customer. 189 (37\%) of respondents indicated that the pharmacist or pharmacist{\textquoteright}s assistant did not explain to them how to take their medication correctly, while 358 (70.47\%) of respondents stated that the pharmacist did not find out if the patient understand the instructions given. Regarding the responsibility that the pharmacist assumes for patient drug therapy 155 (30.15\%) of respondents answered {\textquotedblleft}Yes{\textquotedblright} and 353 (69.49\%) stated {\textquotedblleft}No{\textquotedblright}. 489 (96.26\%) of the respondents agreed the pharmacists show readiness to listen and answer their questions as well as use simple language while counselling. 314 (61.81\%) stated that the counselling services provided by pharmacist is useful with regard to the medication(s) and the disease condition. 264 (51.97\%) were satisfied and stated that the overall rating of pharmaceutical care services in the pharmacy was good. Conclusion: Community pharmacists must discuss health issues with their patients, spend sufficient amount of time with each patient at each visit. Counselling services are a vital part of pharmaceutical care services. The pharmacist and/or their assistants must explain to the patients how to take their medication correctly. Assessing the patients{\textquoteright} comprehension with regard to the medication(s) is another mandatory role of the community pharmacist. In this study, majority of the respondents 264 (51.97\%) felt that the pharmaceutical care services provided overall by the community pharmacy was good, though improvements could be made with regard to understanding the patients{\textquoteright} comprehension levels.

}, keywords = {Community Pharmacist, Counselling services, General Level Framework, Patients satisfaction, Pharmaceutical care services, Seven-star pharmacist.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.2.7}, author = {Aaseer Thamby Sam and Thenmoli Hanbrasi a/p Jothy and Subramani Parasuraman} } @article {59, title = {Comparison of Visceral Adiposity Index with Other Indices of Adiposity in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {5th May, 2015}, pages = {55-61}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Background: Obesity continues to increase exponentially across the globe. BMI has been the traditional method used to define and quantify the severity of obesity. In recent years, visceral fat has emerged as an important measure of cardiovascular risk. Although MRI and CT scan can estimate the degree of visceral fat, these methods are not feasible in the routine clinical setting. Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) is a recently derived index to measure visceral fat based on the knowledge of Waist Circumference (WC), plasma HDL, triglycerides and BMI. The study aimed to compare VAI with other adiposity indices in Acute MI and to also assess its ability to detect metabolic syndrome. Methods: In this crosssectional study, 213 patients (Acute STEMI- 106, Controls-107) were included. The lipid profile and all other routine laboratory investigations were performed. Waist and hip circumference (HC) were measured. VAI and other adiposity indices were measured such as atherogenic index (AI), Conicity index (CI), Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) and Waist Height Ratio (WHtR) using appropriate formulae. Results: Patients with metabolic syndrome had higher VAI index (p=0.0001), higher AI index (p=0.0001), higher CI (p=0.0001), higher BMI (p=0.0001), higher WC (p=0.0001) and higher HC (p=0.0001). An ROC curve plotted for each adiposity index to detect metabolic syndrome showed VAI to have the maximal AUC. A VAI of 2.69 was chosen as the cut-off value which had a sensitivity of 70.1\% and specificity of 74.35 \% ( AUC=0.81, CI-0.74 to 0.87; P=0.0001). Conclusion: VAI is an excellent and simple tool to detect Mets as compared to other adiposity indices. It remains to be seen if VAI could accurately reflect the degree of cardiovascular risk from prospective cohort studies.

}, keywords = {Acute Myocardial Infarction, Anthropometric indices, Atherogenic Index, Metabolic syndrome (Mets), Visceral Adiposity index, Waist circumference.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.2.4}, author = {Vengatesh Munusamy and Melvin George and Amrita Jena and Aruna Sridhar and Dhandapani Vellala Elumalai} } @article {60, title = {Efficacy and tolerability of two intravaginal formulations containing clindamycin plus clotrimazole in women with vaginal infections: A pilot study}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Feb, 2015}, pages = {27-34}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {27}, abstract = {

Aims: To compare the effectiveness and tolerability of ClinSupV3 (soft gelatine capsule) versus ClinSupV3-ER (Extendedrelease tablet) in vaginal infections. Subjects and Methods: Following baseline vaginal examination, 66 women having clinical diagnosis of vaginal infection were randomized to receive three doses [once daily] of ClinSupV3 (SG-group) or ClinSupV3-ER (ER-group) per vagina and followed up for assessing resolution of clinical and microbiological evidence of vaginal infection by 8th day; maintenance of clinical and microbiological cure at 29th day; and occurrence of side effects. Statistical analysis used: Results were presented using descriptive statistics and analyzed by Chi square and Fischer{\textquoteright}s Exact test. Results: 27 women from SG-group and 30 women from ER-group completed the study. In SG-group, 69.23\% had complete cure and 7.69\% had partial remission at 8th day of which 88.89\% maintained remission, while in ER-group 73.68\% women had a complete cure of which 85.71\% maintained remission on 29th day. Delayed remission was observed in 25\% women from SG-group and 60\% women from ER-group, while none of the women experienced intolerable adverse effects. Conclusion: Both formulations containing clindamycin plus clotrimazole were effective, as empiric therapy, in inducing and maintaining microbiological as well as clinical remission in women with clinical diagnosis of vaginal infection to a similar extent. Amongst individual infections, trichomoniasis showed least response. Neither of the two formulations could treat trichomoniasis by end of first week, though there was a delayed response of similar magnitude with both formulations.

}, keywords = {Clindamycin, Clotrimazole, Vaginal formulation, Vaginal infections.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.1.9}, author = {Daswani Bharti Ramchand and Naik Shilpa and Palewar Meghana and Ghongane Balasaheb and Sambarey Pradeep and Bharadwaj Renu} } @article {61, title = {Evaluation of Oral Hygiene Practice, Knowledge and Attitude among (10-15 Yrs) School Children in Dharan, Nepal- A Cross- Sectional Study}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Feb, 2015}, pages = {14-16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Background: The study is aimed to evaluate oral hygiene practice, knowledge and attitude among (10-15 yr) school children in Dharan. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional study which included 200 school students of age group (10-15 years) from five different schools of Dharan. The school and the students were selected by random sampling method. The consent for the participation of school children were obtained from the head of the school verbally. A pretested close- ended questionnaire was used for the study which was adopted from different conducted research. The questions were in English language. Results: The result of this study show that only 15\% of the students knew that gum bleeding means gingivitis. 83\% reported that use of fluoride strengthens teeth and 81\% knew that healthy teeth is strong and caries free teeth. 64.5\% participant reported the reason for dental visit was general dental check up while 36\% visited dentist only when dental pain and 76\% felt the necessity of regular dental visit. 96\% of the respondents used toothbrush and toothpaste as their brushing material and 83\% of them brushed twice a day. Among all the students surveyed 80.5\% had the habit of rinsing their mouth after eating. Results of this study prove that oral hygiene habits, oral health awareness and knowledge level among school children in Dharan is satisfactory. The participants had conducive oral health behavior, sufficient knowledge, positive attitude and practice regarding oral health.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Awareness, Knowledge, Oral hygiene, Practice.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.1.5}, author = {Roshana Poudyal and Priyata Agrawal and Ashish Shrestha and Mamta Dali and Tarakant Bhagat and Asish Choudhary} } @article {62, title = {Gastroprotective and antisecretory properties of methanolic extract of Trianthema portulacastrum. L in aspirin \& pyloric ligature induced gastric ulcer in rats}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {16th May 2015}, pages = {87-91}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {87}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was carried out to investigate antiulcer activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Trianthema portulacastrum L. belonging to the family of Aizoaceae in pylorus ligated and aspirin induced gastric ulcer in rats. Methods: Preliminary methanol extract of Trianthema portulacastrum L. (METP) was subjected to the acute oral toxicity study according to the OECD guideline no. 425. Based on which, two dose levels i.e. 250 and 500 mg/kg were selected for the further study. In both models, we assessed ulcer index, gastric juice volume, gastric pH and total acidity. Ranitidine (50 mg/kg) was used as the positive control. Results: In present study, METP showed significantly decrease in ulcer index in both ulcer models in a dose dependent manner. METP showed a dose dependent significant decrease in gastric juice and total acidity in both the models. A dose dependent increase in gastric pH and total adherent gastric mucus was also produced in METP treated groups. Conclusion: The present study suggested that the antiulcer activity of METP on pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer can due to anti secretory activity. The mechanism of protection against aspirin induced gastric ulcer can be attributed to 5- lipoxygenase pathway.

}, keywords = {Aspirin, Gastric ulcer, Pylorus ligated, Trianthema portulacastrum, ulcer index.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.2.9}, author = {Ramakrishnan Prakash} } @article {63, title = {Gut Microbiota And Its Role In Drug Metabolism Of Common Drugs - A Short Review}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {7th May, 2015}, pages = {98-103}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {98}, abstract = {

Our gut is home to over a trillion of microbes existing in a symbiotic relationship with its host organ. The enzymes synthesized by gut Microflora have been long known to influence our health, but their role in the metabolism of drugs has not been studied to that extent. Similar to drug metabolizing enzymes in liver and intestine, gut Microbiota can modulate the metabolism of drugs in a number of ways including but not limited to hydrolysis, reduction, or degradation of a drug molecule. The role of liver and intestine has been extensively studied during early drug discovery for its influence on drug metabolism but very less emphasis is given to metabolism of drugs by gut Microbiota. This review paper discusses the role of gut Microflora and its role to alter drug metabolism and advocate the inclusion of microbial metabolism screening during drug development.

}, keywords = {Digoxin, Drug Metabolism, Gut Microbiota, Phenacetin, Sorivudine.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.3.2}, author = {Rohitash Jamwal and Sumanta Kumar Goswami} } @article {64, title = {Impact of Microbial Culture Analysis and Prophylactic use of Antibiotics in Acute Severe Pancreatitis}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Feb, 2015}, pages = {10-13}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {10}, abstract = {

Objective: The uses of prophylactic antibiotics are beneficiary in acute severe pancreatitis in reducing the infection. The main objective of this study is to compare the effects of antibiotics as prophylaxis and treatment in two groups with and without microbial cultural test, respectively. Methods: The study population consisted of 60 patients treated for acute severe pancreatitis. In group 1 (n= 32) patients received prophylactic antibiotics according with the microbial test and were treated accordance with ultra-guided drainage and/or surgical debribment of infected necrosis were performed when the presence of pancreatitis was demonstrated. The primary endpoints were infectious complication rate, incidence of nosocomial infection and mortality rate. In group 2 (n=38), patients received prophylactic antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, metrodinazole) without microbial test. Results: In group 2, 38(54.28\%) patients were administrated with prophylactic for \>14 days than in group 1, 32(45.71\%) the Fine Needle Aspiration and/Ultra Sound guided drainage fluid collections were urine sample 15.62\%, blood sample 31.25\%, Pus sample 9.37\%, peritoneal fluid 12.50\% and drain fluid 31.25\%. In which 15.62\% Escherichia.coli is most commonly grown gram negative bacteria. And carbapenems (meropenam, ertapenam) are most sensitive. We can observe significant difference between groups in mortality and duration of stay in the surgical ward or intensive care unit. Conclusion: In this study, with the microbial analysis the use of the prophylactic antibiotic can reduce the hospital stay, need of surgical management and reduce the frequent use of reoperation.

}, keywords = {Acute severe pancreatitis, Antibiotic prophylaxis, Fine needle aspiration, Microbial cultural test, Nocsocomial infection, Ultra sound guided.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.1.4}, author = {Jagadish babu Dasari and Cristiano Ialongo and Aruna Chandranath Kondakundhi and Sri Harsha Munnamgi and Syed Juied} } @article {65, title = {The Importance of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Models in Sustained Release Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Feb, 2015}, pages = {5-9}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

The main role of preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in drug discovery and development is to optimize candidate selection for the target therapeutic area, taking into consideration the type of agent required, and to predict the dose and dosing regimen for initial clinical trials with due concern to the requirements for effective treatment in the target therapeutic area. In order for this approach to be successful, a clear understanding is required for both the pharmacological target and drug disposition (absorption, clearance and distribution) of new chemical entities. A fundamental tenet in linking the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic phases is that free drug in the systemic circulation is in equilibrium with the receptors. In the pharmacokinetic phase, only free drug can be cleared and drug is reversibly bound to tissues and blood. The pharmacodynamic phase is further subdivided into the interaction with the drug receptor triggering postreceptor events, eventually leading to actual drug effect. In this phase, only free drug can exert pharmacological effect and the free concentration of drug in plasma is in direct equilibrium with the interstitial fluid bathing most cells, since the capillary wall contains sufficient aqueous pores to allow the rapid passage of relatively small molecules, regardless of physicochemistry. Most receptor targets are accessed extracellularly. Therefore, one can expect that all drugs regardless of physicochemistry will be in direct equilibrium, at these targets, with free drug in plasma.

Key words: Bioavailability, Drug discovery, Formulations, PK-PD models, Sustained release dosage form.

}, keywords = {Bioavailability, Drug discovery, Formulations, PK-PD models, Sustained release dosage form.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.1.3}, author = {Selvadurai Muralidharan and Kalaimani Jayaraja Kumar} } @article {66, title = {Influence on Quality of Life Among Patients with Hypothyroidism}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Feb, 2015}, pages = {24-26}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {24}, abstract = {

Aim: The study is to analyze the influence of quality of life with the patients suffering from hypothyroidism. Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted for 6 months at endocrinology OPD of a tertiary care teaching hospital, India. Patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism were included in our study. Parameters such as TSH, tT3 and tT4 levels were monitored and their QOL were measured by using short form 36 (SF-36) questionnaires during their baseline and review visit. This study was approved by the human ethical committee. Influence of thyroid parameters over QOL scales were measured statistically using stepwise multiple linear regression and paired {\textquoteleft}t{\textquoteright} test was used to measure the significant difference with the treatment. Results and Discussion: A total of 13 patients met the inclusion criteria of our study among 30 patients irrespective of gender, significant change in thyroid parameter with treatment with L-thyroxine was observed with TSH (p=0.0169*) and further the influence of QOL have shown some significant values, which shows the need for considering the QOL while treating hypothyroidism. Conclusion: The influence of hypothyroidism on the quality of life was observed significantly correlating with few QOL subscales.

}, keywords = {Correlating factors, Hypothyroidism, Patient reported outcome, QOL, SF-36, Thyroid function test}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.1.8}, author = {Sireesha Paruchuri and Ganesh Pandian Balasubramanian and Parashuram Nagula} } @article {67, title = {Isoniazid induced Acute Metabolic Acidosis and Neurotoxicity{\textendash}A Case Report and Review of Literature}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {16th July 2015}, pages = {121-123}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Isoniazid (INH) is a crucial drug in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. INH is commonly known to cause derangements in liver function tests and peripheral neuropathy due to pyridoxine deficiency in slow acetylators. However, in toxic doses it is known to cause severe neurologic manifestations and acute metabolic acidosis. INH toxicity is characterized by the clinical triad of repetitive seizures unresponsive to the usual anticonvulsants, metabolic acidosis with a high anion gap and coma. Hence, the diagnosis of INH overdose should be considered in any patient who presents to Emergency medical services (EMS) with the triad. Though accidental overdose of anti-tuberculosis drugs have been reported in children and adults, acute toxicity is rare. When recognized, intravenous pyridoxine and correction of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate and supportive treatment is effective. The condition is easily treated with intravenous pyridoxine but if not treated in time could prove fatal. Unlike other poisonings, serum INH levels do not co-relate with either symptomatology or liver injury.

}, keywords = {Acidosis, INH (Isoniazid), Pyridoxine, Seizures, Toxicity.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.3.5}, author = {Sumeet Prakash Mirgh and Jehangir Soli Sorabjee} } @article {68, title = {Menstrual Discomforts and the Treatment Preferred by University Students}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {24 June 2015}, pages = {111-120}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {3}, abstract = {

Menstrual disorders are one of the major problems faced by women all around the world may have considerable psychological and physical consequences in student community and contribute to absenteeism. Objective: This study was conducted to investigate student{\textquoteright}s experience of and their response to menstrual symptoms and also to understand the impact of the respondents{\textquoteright} study background on the treatment preferred for the menstrual symptoms. Methods: The survey was carried out using a pre-validated questionnaire consisting 29 questions, organized into two sections viz., the first section includes 10 items on the demographic details; second section includes 19 questions related menstrual cycle and the treatment preferred. Results: A total of 592 questionnaires were returned by the participants giving a response rate of 70\% and only 569 questionnaires were completely filled. Among the participants, 34.97\% of students responded to have irregular menstrual cycle. The participants responded that menstrual discomforts was a reason for them to avoid physical exercise (64.0\%), feel depressed (54.8\%), absent from classes (20.0\%)and also that it affectedwork ability (44.1\%), academic activities (32.3\%), social relationship (30.2\%). Conclusion: In this study, the most common discomfort experienced by these students was pain crampsleading to usage of pain killers as their main choice. Among alternative medicines, Chinese medicine was their most preferred choice of treatment, whereas in home remedies, raw ginger was their choice. Aneducational intervention regarding menstrual problems and the importance to seek medical advice can help these students to be concerned on their health.

}, keywords = {Alternative medicines, Home remedies, Menstrual discomforts, Preferred, Students, Treatment.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.3.4}, author = {Sivadasan Shalini and SundarHemalatha and Wong Chui Ting and ManiamYoshita and BalasubramanianGanesh Pandian and Abdul Nazer Ali and Kasi Marimuthu and Veerasamy Ravichandran} } @article {69, title = {Need for Extension of Real Time Stability Analysis of Drugs and Quality Control Setup in Hospitals}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Feb, 2015}, pages = {2-4}, type = {View Point}, chapter = {2}, abstract = {

Owing to the increased number issues related to medication adherence, efficacy, antimicrobial resistance, tolerance and adverse reaction with unknown ideology, few strategic approaches having been recommended and implemented in treatment procedures. Despite of these clinical oriented strategies, the success rate in eradication of many unwanted therapeutic issues quite questionable. It is believed that the existing clinical and therapeutic oriented issues pertaining the drug, it requires additional strategic implementations that nullify the probability of drug related factors. This strategy can be a drug quality control testing Centre at the hospital premises to ensure the potency and real time stabilityassessment for stability sensitive and dose sensitive drugs. Initially it may be recommended in those hospitals, which conduct clinical research, therapeutic drug monitoring, clinical evaluation of antibiotics and further it can be extrapolated based on outcome. This view invites discussion to bring a fruitful outcome rather than criticism.

Key words: Drug stability, Drugs, Hospitals, Stability sensitive, Real time testings, Quality control.

}, keywords = {Drug stability, Drugs, Hospitals, Quality control., Real time testings, Stability sensitive}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.1.2}, author = {Ramalingam Peraman and Mukesh Kumar} } @article {70, title = {New Age Antipsychotic: ILOPERIDONE}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {7th May, 2015}, pages = {41-49}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Schizophreniais a heterogeneous, chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder that has affected people throughout history. Schizophrenia is a severely debilitating psychiatric disorder observed worldwide, with a median lifetime prevalence of 0.7\%{\textendash}1.0\%. Iloperidone possesses stronger affinity for serotonin (5- HT2A) than dopamine (D2) receptors, and its efficacy is roughly comparable to that of other (nonclozapine) antipsychotics. In May 2009, the Food and Drug Administration approved iloperidone for the acute treatment of schizophrenia in adults. Iloperidone may be a useful and safe option for the treatment of schizophrenia. Several confirmatory trials of iloperidone reported to reduced the symptoms of schizophrenia at oral doses from 12 to 24 mg, which was more effective than placebo in reducing positive and negative syndrome total score and Brief Psychiatric Rating scale scores. Iloperidone was found to be as effective as haloperidol and risperidone in post-hoc analysis. In several clinical studies, most common adverse events reported were dizziness, dry mouth, dyspepsia and somnolence, with few extra pyramidal symptoms and metabolic changes in short and long-term studies in adults. As per adverse effect concern, akathisia was rare in case of iloperidone but prolongation of the corrected QT (QTc) interval was comparable to haloperidol and ziprasidone. Further comparative studies are needed to assess the benefit/risk profile of iloperidone and its role in the treatment of schizophrenia.

}, keywords = {Antipsychotics, dopamine (D2) receptors, Schizophrenia, Serotonin (5-HT2A).}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.2.2}, author = {Arpit Navinchandra Shah and Jaykumar Jashvantrai Sejpal and Jigar Ravindrabhai Katwala and Anil Jagdish Jaiswal and Azadar Husain Khan} } @article {71, title = {An Overview of Diabetic Nephropathy}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {20th Aug 2015}, pages = {104-110}, type = {Review Article}, abstract = {

Diabetic nephropathy is one of the common complications of diabetes mellitus that has become the leading cause of endstage renal failure in many developed countries. In general, 1 of 3 diabetic patients is developing diabetic nephropathy. High blood pressure, high cholesterol and smoking are increasing the risk of development of diabetic nephropathy. Many factors involving in the development of diabetic nephropathy, which includes oxidative stress and non-enzymatic sources of oxidative stress. In early stage, diabetic nephropathy has no symptoms and it make take 5-10 years to appear the kidney damage begins. Glomerular basement membrane thickening and mesangial expansion are the main morphological features of the diabetic nephropathy. This can be treated or modified with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists and antioxidants. The main objective of this review is to discuss about the pathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of diabetic nephropathy.

}, keywords = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Antioxidants, Diabetic nephropathy, NADPH oxidase, Oxidative stress.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.3.3}, author = {Rajavel Varatharajan and Jaganathan Saravanan and Ivy Chung and Nor Azizan Abdullah} } @article {72, title = {Potential Anti-Anxiety Effect of Mucuna pruriens in Experimental Model of Swiss Albino Mice.}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Feb, 2015}, pages = {20-23}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

The usage of benzodiazepines, the major class of anxiolytic drugs is invariably accompanied by many side-effects like sedation and muscle relaxation leading to incoordination of movements. Search for novel anxiolytic agents have identified flavonoids as potential compounds devoid of these adverse effects. Mucuna pruriens commonly known as cowhage plant has been claimed to possess various beneficial effects like anti-parkinsonian, anti-tumor, neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-diabetic and antimicrobial activities. Previous studies have reported that Mucuna pruriens contains LDOPA and 5-hydroxy tryptophan (5-HT) as a major constituent with higher concentration in seeds. Present study was designed to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of Mucuna pruriens extract in Swiss albino mice. The study was conducted on 30 male Swiss albino mice. Three doses of Mucuna pruriens (100, 200, 400 mg/kg, p.o.) and standard dose of diazepam (2 mg/kg, i.p.) were used for treatment. The pharmacologically validated model elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to take as a measure of antianxiety effect. Mucuna pruriens at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg significantly reduced the time spent and no. of entries in closed arm, increased the time spent and entries into open arm in elevated plus maze (p \< 0.05) as compared to control group. Present study demonstrates the anxiolytic activity of Mucuna pruriens in Swiss albino mice.

}, keywords = {anxiolytic, Diazepam, Elevated plus maze, Mucuna pruriens, Side effects, Swiss Albino Mice}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.1.7}, author = {Anjula Sachan and Sarvesh Kumar and Hemant Singh and Pratap Shankar and Dheeraj Kumar and Amod Kumar Sachan and Rakesh Kumar Dixit} } @article {73, title = {Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections among Multi-transfused Thalassaemic Patients}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {5th May, 2015}, pages = {69-72}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {69}, abstract = {

Objective: Therefore this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B and C infections among the multi-transfused Thalassaemic patients. Methodology: The medical records of total 100 patients with thalassaemia attending the Day Care Ambulatory Unit for blood transfusion in Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital was collected in order to extract relevant information pertaining to the study. Results: Among the 100 multi-transfused thalassaemic patients, 48\% were females and 52\% were males. 24\% was infected with viral hepatitis, among them 18\% by Hepatitis C, 4\% by Hepatitis B, and only 2\% were infected by both Hepatitis B \& C. Difference in occurrence of hepatitis in different gender groups was not significant, on the other hand difference in occurrence of hepatitis in different ethnic groups was highly significant. Discussion and Conclusion: Acquisition of hepatitis C as well as hepatitis B is a serious risk for multi-transfused thalassaemia patients. Blood screening in Malaysia has significantly reduced the risk of hepatitis B and C associated with blood transfusion. However, the risk is still there. So, the health care providers who are involved with the management and providing blood transfusion to the thalassaemic patients should be aware of this problem, and should pay more attention to prevent these known complications.

}, keywords = {Blood transfusion, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Thalassemia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.2.6}, author = {ATM Emdadul Haque and Husni Zaim bin Ab Latiff} } @article {74, title = {QSAR Study on Arylthioquinoline Derivatives as Anti-tubercular Agents}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {6th May, 2015}, pages = {81-86}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Aim: The major issue for many anti-tubercular agents is the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Quinoline compounds serve as anti-mycobacterial agents with encouraging anti-tubercular activity. The main aim of this study is to develop 2D QSAR models for a series of arylthioquinoline to predict their ideal characteristics as potential anti-tubercular agents. Materials and Methods: Used CS Chem Office 2004 and Molecular Modeling Pro 6.1.0 software for modeling and models development. Some of the statistical parameters were calculated by using QSARINS (HYPERLINK "http:// www.qsar.it/"www.qsar.it). We have used MLR techniques to develop QSAR models. The developed QSAR models were found to be statistically significant based on internal and external validation parameters. Results: The significance and predictive ability of the developed QSAR model was confirmed as it satisfied the following conditions: r2=0.817\>0.6; CCCtr=0.899\>0.85; q2LOO=0.729\>0.5; pred_r2=0.922\>0.6; pred_r2se=0.186; CCCpred=0.907\>0.85; r2m=0.753\>0.5; r{\textquoteright}2m=0.714\>0.5; Δ r2m=0.039\<0.2k{\textquoteright}=0.966; k=1.014 (0.850.5; q2LMO=0.650\>0.5. The major outcome of this study is that the density of the molecules significantly influences the anti-tubercular activity of novel arylthioquinoline derivatives. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the proposed models explained the relationship of the density of arylthioquinolines with their anti-tubercular activity and these can be used as guidance for synthesis of new anti-tubercular agents.

}, keywords = {3-heteroarylthioquinolinederivatives, Anti-tubercular agents, Quantitative structure activity relationship, Tuberculosis.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.2.8}, author = {Veerasamy Ravichandran and Sivadasan Shalini and Krishnamoorthi Venaktes Kumar and Rajak Harish and Krishnan Suresh Kumar} } @article {75, title = {Quality of Research, Professional Degree and Research Publications in India - Is Quality of Research and Education Declining in India ?}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {Sep, 2015}, pages = {96-97}, type = {Editorial}, abstract = {

During the period, from 2006 to 2009, the research competence of India has developed to 8th rank from 10th rank. Overall contribution of research publications was reported as 0.2\% to 5\%, in which pharmaceuticals, pharmacology, toxicology and chemistry fields recorded the highest score of 5\% whilst computer science field recorded the lowest score of 0.2\%. Contributions of agriculture, biological science and biochemistry fields were about in between 3-4\%.1 With reference to reports by British council India (2014), there are four major challenges have been coded, against the progress of higher education and research in India, viz. a) high supply and demand gap, b) low quality of teaching and learning, C) constraints on research capacity and innovation, d) uneven growth and access to opportunity.2

}, keywords = {Editorial}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.3.1}, author = {Ramalingam Peraman and Rajendran Kuppusamy and Ramprasad Muthukrishnan and Manjunath Satyanarayana} } @article {76, title = {Retro-orbital sample collection in Rats - a video article}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {15th May 2015}, pages = {37-40}, type = {Methods}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Rats are the most commonly used laboratory animals for wide range of scientific research. Collection of biological fluids (such as blood, gastric fluid, breast milk and urine) is one of the important step in experiments. In many experiments, blood samples are collected for analysis of biochemical parameters and genetic profile. Blood samples are commonly collected through the tail vein, retro-orbital sinus and cardiac puncture. Retro-orbital sinus is commonly employed for collecting large volume of blood (200 μL to 1 mL) and it is employed in terminal procedures too. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the general principles of blood sample collection and the method used for orbital sinus blood sample collection.

}, keywords = {Biological fluids, Blood, Orbital sinus, Rats, Retro-orbital.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.2.1}, author = {Subramani Parasuraman and Khor Ming Zhen and Ramasamy Raveendran} } @article {77, title = {Retrospective Analysis of Musculioskeletal Complications in Patients with Tuberculosis}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Feb, 2015}, pages = {17-19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Background: In adults, Osteoarticular involvement with M. tuberculosis, usually occurs from either a quiescent pulmonary focus or an extrapulmonary site. The definitive diagnosis is made by the demonstration of M.tuberculosis in tissue or synovial fluid. Common presentations of osteoarticular tuberculosis are spinal TB, Infection at peripheral joint especially weight-bearing joints, tendons, bursae, or bones and Reactive arthritis (Poncet{\textquoteright}s disease) Aim: The aim of this study was analysis of 10 adult patients with tuberculosis to determine the pattern of musculoskeletal complications during 2 years. Subjects and Methods: This is a retrospective study of cases of musculoskeletal complications among patients with tuberculosis during two years that refers to rheumatologic clinic of mazandaran university of medical sciences at January 2011 to December 2013. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 20. Variables analyzed include age, sex and kind of musculoskeletal complications. Results: There were 10 patients with tuberculosis refers in our rheumatologic clinic for musculoskeletal complications. All of patients were adults between 18 to 48 years old with median age of 30.8 years old. Seven (70\%) patients were male and 3(30\%) patients were female. The most common musculoskeletal complication was spondylodiscitis in 6 (60\%), arthritis in 5 (50\%), osteomyelitis in 2 (20\%), reactive arthritis in 2 (20\%), soft tissue abcess in 2 (20\%) and dactilitis in 1 (10\%) of patients. Conclusion: Musculoskeletal complications are very important and must be considered in patients with tuberculosis. Spondylodiscitis (pott{\textquoteright}s disease) and arthritis of weight bearing large jonts are the most common rheumatologic complications of this disorder.

}, keywords = {Musculoskeletal complications, Peripheral arthritis, Poncet{\textquoteright}s disease., Spondylodiscitis, Tuberculosis}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.1.6}, author = {Hosseinian Amiri Are and Abedi Siavash and Yazdanian Maryam} } @article {78, title = {Smoking on Road: Behavioural and Physical Changes}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {6th May, 2015}, pages = {92-95}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tobacco smoking is one of the leading causes of premature mortality and morbidity. It is currently responsible for death of about 5 million people across the world each year with many of these deaths occurring prematurely. Smoking on road is not only injurious to health, also makes the person prone to accidents and indirectly to so many by second hand and third hand smoking. Aims and Objectives: 1. To study the newer behavioral changes which have occurred along with smoking on road. 2. To study various socio-economic groups and obvious physical signs like central obesity and or greying in these subjects. Materials and Methods: The study is an observational study done on New Delhi-NCR roads by observing the people who smoke on road openly and the behavioral changes which are associated with smoking. A total of 300 study subjects were studied for this study. Results and summary: 53\% of the study population was found to be smoking cigarette. Of all the study subjects almost 35\% were found to be smoking while standing followed by (22\%) smoking and just walking. Subjects were also noted to be smoking and drinking tea (4\%), smoking and driving (12.3\%), talking over mobile phone (1.7\%), near children (2.7\%).

}, keywords = {Behavioral changes, Premature greying of hair, Second hand smoking, Third hand smoking, Tobacco smoking}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.2.10}, author = {Shridhar Dwivedi and Anika Sulania} } @article {79, title = {Under Reporting Practices of ADR: An Observational Study}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {5th May, 2015}, pages = {50-54}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {50}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was to estimate extend or percentage of Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) reporting in Bhopal region at pilot level. Our main objective is not only to find out the reporting status but is to find out the possible causable reason behind the under-reporting of the suspected ADRs by the private practioners. Methods: A questionnaire based short intensive survey was conducted on the private practioners of the Bhopal region. The questionnaire consists of ten questions from which most of it was totally based and design so that we can get the much close and exact reason for the under-reporting practices. The survey was conducted by a random sample of approximate 150 private practioners of the Bhopal region. Results: The overall reporting percentage was only approximately 7\% or the under-reporting percentage was approximately 93\% that clearly indicates somewhat a considerable obstacle for the roadmap forecast by the CDSCO in collaboration with IPC. Conclusion: The under-reporting percentage was quite considerable (93\%) so as to look after the issue to resolve or for improvement. As majority of population have their reliability and first exposure of treatment via private practices. So ADRs at this level if reported earlier in the phase of drug exposure could be better controlled as per quality concern and also its global exposure may be prevented.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction (ADR), Central drug standard control organization (CDSCO), Indian pharmacopoeial commission (IPC), Private practioners, Questionnaire, Under-reporting}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.2.3}, author = {Kondalkar Avinash and Sharma Rahul and Patle Shiker and Srivastava Rajnish} } @article {80, title = {The unveiling of Pharmacology, toxicology and Biomedical Reports (PTB Reports)}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {1}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {1}, type = {Editorial}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Dear Professionals colleagues, Scientist and fellow researcher,

It{\textquoteright}s my pleasure to introduce the first issue of {\textquoteleft}Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports{\textquoteright} (Pharmacol Toxicol Biomed Rep/ PTB reports) - an official journal of SciBioMed.org.

PTB reports is an international, peer-reviewed, open access, online journal that publishes research articles, review articles, clinical case reports and recent trends in experimental and clinical pharmacology; toxicology and Biomedicine. PTB reports cover research areas pertinent to clinical pharmacokinetics, biochemical pharmacology, clinical biochemistry, molecular biology, analytical toxicology, psychopharmacology, neuropharmacology, cardiovascular and renal pharmacology, and other systemic pharmacology. The official website is http:// www.ptbreports.org and Web-based manuscript submission system is available at http://emanuscript.in/submissions/index.php/ptbreports/ login.\ Read more. . .\ 

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.1.1.1}, author = {Subramani Parasuraman} }