@article {238, title = {Accounting Management System in Pharmacy Practice: A New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {23-27}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {23}, abstract = {

Objectives: Accounting pharmacy practice is an old concept in pharmaceutical care. It has been updated by the Strategic Plan and is aligned with Saudi Vision 2030. This theme aims to explain accounting services in pharmacy operations as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The new project derived from national and international accounting organization standards and regulations. It was developed based on global business models, pharmacy project guidelines, and new project operating agency guidelines. A project management expert designs this initiative. This effort will consist of several phases, from the initial stage through the planning, execution, monitoring, and control phases. Results: A clear vision, mission, and financial goals are established in pharmacy operations. This service has many benefits, including cost control, business planning, and improved patient care. In addition, a description of the risk management model ensures project continuity. We also discussed monitoring and controlling services. Finally, the analysis looks at the transition to a production project through the final stages of the project. Conclusion: Accounting in pharmacy operations is a new initiative that should be part of the pharmacy strategic plan under Saudi Vision 2030. Accounting in pharmacy operations requires a clear vision and policy and a long-term partnership with the accounting organization. In addition, accounting in pharmacy operations plays a crucial role in developing an appropriate pharmacist career plan focused on patient care, optimal cost control, and practical accounting management.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Initiative, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {230, title = {Perception of Pharmacists About the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Exam}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {113-122}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Objectives: Researching the perceptions of standardized licensure examinations in the pharmaceutical sector is vital to measure key pharmacy competence and skills assessment of entry-level pharmacists. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to explore the perceptions of the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Exam (SPLE) in improving pharmacy practice in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) by focusing on the experiences and attitudes pharmacy workers had regarding SPLE pharmacy standards and factors associated with passing the exam. Results: The data for this study was collected through a survey and analyzed using the survey monkey systems and the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS). The study used a sample size of 701 participants statistically calculated with a 95\% CI, 1.96 z score, and 5\% margin error. The study found low scores (M=2.77, p=.001) in the perceptions of SPLE in assessing entry-level pharmacists-related skills, attitudes, and knowledge that increase graduates{\textquoteright} readiness for pharmacy practice. Location, gender, marital status, age, experience years, income, GPA results, and the number of SPLE admissions affected SPLE perception and passing rates. Conclusion: The pharmacist believed that the current Saudi Pharmacy Licensure Examination (SPLE) is required. However, the recent licensure examination does not adequately measure the general pharmacy practice competencies and skills relevant to entry-level pharmacist practice. Furthermore, it was not adequately prepared for clinical pharmacy practice competencies or internal pharmacy board exams. Therefore, it is necessitating targeted keep to dates changes of pharmacy practice in its format to introduce competency standards that measure entry-level skills efficiency continuously.

}, keywords = {Competency, Exam, Licensure, Perceptions, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nahed Rashid Alyami and Fatma Faiz Alasmari and Seham Abed Almehmadi and Juman Alsaab and Shumukh Saleh Al Thubaiti and Raghad Abdullah Ali Alghamdi} } @article {221, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Basic Hygiene for Pharmacy Staff}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {46-56}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims at declaring the Hand Hygiene (HH) and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) policy and procedures as a new initiative for Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) for the pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a narrative review of pharmacy infection control. A literature search was performed using various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, about specific topics related to infection control in pharmacy practice. The search period was from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms searched were in English and included narrative review, systemic review, meta-analysis, and guidelines. terms Policies and procedures for the last 10 years across all hospitals or community pharmacy services were included in the search terms. The research team of the pharmacy infection control consist of various expert members including clinical pharmacists, community pharmacists, and infection control specialists. One member drafted the policy. Some member reviewed the draft policy and corrected it. The other member, who is an infection control specialist, revised last draft. The topic emphasizes on the adoption and practices of the policies and procedures on hand hygiene (HH) and personal protective equipment (PPE) for the pharmacy infection prevention and control. Results: The hand hygiene and personal protective equipment policy of pharmacy infection prevention control consist of various items, including steps of hand hygiene and proper donning and doffing sequences of the PPE during pharmacy performances. Conclusion: The policies and procedures related to hand hygiene and personal protective equipment are the foundations of pharmacy infection control and control. Implementation and practices of HH and PPE aims at the prevention and control Healthcare wirh ephazaized on pharmacy staff related Infections, which in lieu, improve patient safety Therefore, hand hygiene and personal protective equipment policy is recommended for all pharmacy settings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hand hygiene, Infection control, Personal protective equipment, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Maha Hussein Almadany and Fatimah Abdaziz Almana and Ebtissam Mohammad Badawoud and Fahad Khurshid} } @article {229, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Education and Training}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {105-112}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {105}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the Education and Training policy of pharmacy infection control as a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a narrative review of pharmacy infection control. The literature search was done using databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, about specific pharmacy practice infection control policies and procedures. The search time was from the 1960s to October 2021. The topic was in English and included narrative review, meta-analysis, systemic review, and guidelines across all hospitals and community pharmacy services. Moreover, the national and international guidelines of general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee formulated and consisted of various experts, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and infection control specialists. Some authors drafted the policy and procedures, and others reviewed and corrected them. The additional author, an infection control specialist, revised the final document. The study emphasizes the Pharmacy infection control policy of Research Education and Training. Results: The Pharmacy Infection control Education and Training policy consisted of various items, including program objectives, admission requirements, teaching and education methodology, and Pharmacy infection control Education and Training steps in pharmacy practice. The education and training contained five models. Namely hand hygiene and personal protective equipment, environment and workplace, employment immunization and occupational safety, pharmacy wastage and spill cleaning, pharmacoepidemiology with a pharmacy infection control surveillance, and pharmacy infection control quality management. Each model described Module description, Learning Objectives, Module Outlines, and Competency items. Conclusion: The pharmacy infection control policy of Research Education and Training is a new initiative for pharmacy career professionals. The Pharmacy infection control Education and Training pharmacy policy aims to improve infection control skills and encourage pharmacists{\textquoteright} compliance with infection control regulations in different places in the public and healthcare organizations. Therefore, education and training in pharmacy infection control policy are necessary for the pharmaceutical care services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Education, Infection control, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia, Training}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Maha Hussein Almadany and Bader Abdullah Alqannass and Eman Elsayed Younis and Rehab Ahmed Al Noaimi and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi} } @article {227, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Wastages and Spill Cleaning}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {92-98}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Objective: In this study, we aimed to illustrate pharmacy infection control wastages and spill cleaning policy as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This narrative review of pharmacy infection control emphasizes wastages and spill cleaning. A literature search was done using various databases containing PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. About specific pharmacy practice infection control policies and procedures. The search time was from the 1960s to October 2021. The topic was English, including narrative review, systemic review, meta-analysis, and guidelines across hospitals and community pharmacy services. Moreover, the national and international guidelines of general research in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy research formulated and consisted of various experts, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and infection control specialists. The first author drafted the policy guidelines, and the second author reviewed and corrected them. The third author, an infection control specialist, revised the final document. The study emphasizes policy and procedures related to wastage and spill cleaning for pharmacy infection control. Results: The wastages and spill cleaning policy of pharmacy infection control consisted of various items, including the types of pharmacy wastages (biohazard wastages, non-biohazard wastages, sharp material), steps in the management of pharmacy wastages, spill kit contents, and cleaning of spill material. Conclusion: The policy and procedures of wastages and spill cleaning are new initiative procedures aimed at pharmacy infection control. In pharmacy settings, it is part of the biohazard and safety foundation. As such, waste management and spill clean-up policies are critical in pharmaceutical care services to improve safe disposal.

}, keywords = {Infection control, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, spill cleaning, Wastages}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Abdulrahman Nabeel Yousif and Abdulrahman Nabeel Yousif Sharaf and Eman Mohamed Hasan Alaali and Maha Hussein Almadany and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi} } @article {228, title = {Pharmacy Infection Control: Worker{\textquoteright}s Competency}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {99-104}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Objective: In this study, we aimed to declare the competency of the Infection control policy in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a narrative review of pharmacy infection control. A literature search was performed using various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, about specific pharmacy practice infection control policies and procedures. The search period was from the 1960s until October 2021. The terms were in English and included narrative review, systemic review, meta-analysis, and guidelines across all hospitals and community pharmacy services. Moreover, the National and international guidelines of general research in hospital and pharmacy practice guide the current review. The committee of pharmacy infection control formulated and consisted of various experts, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and clinical infection control specialists. Some authors drafted the policy and procedures, and the other member reviewed and corrected them. The third revision was by the infection control specialist. The study emphasizes the competency of Pharmacy infection control policies and procedures. Results: The Pharmacy infection control policy covered a variety of topics. It has included steps toward competency in pharmacy practice. Five models were included in the competency of pharmacy infection control policy. For example, patient care, infection control abilities, communication, professionalism, and ongoing professional development are required. In addition, each model included information about education and training, assessment types, and scores on competency assessments. The infection control competency test is administered to pharmacy staff annually. Conclusion: Pharmacy infection control policy competency is a new initiative and an integral part of pharmacy practice. The infection control policy competency requires pharmacists to continuously improve their skills in infection control practice and prevent pharmacy product-related infection in various settings within public and private healthcare institutions. As a result, the pharmacy infection control competencies policy is highly recommended for pharmaceutical care services worldwide.

}, keywords = {Competency, Infection control, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Alyousef and Mohammed Mominul Islam and Maha Hussein Almadany, and Musleh Samil Reshidi and Hussain Mohammed Ibrahim Aareji and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi} } @article {215, title = {The Practice of Scientific Publications by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {26-36}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {26}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to assess the practice of scientific publications by pharmacists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey study, we aimed to assess the practice of scientific publications by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists from interns to consultants and specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information and information about the type of publications made by them, the selected elements used during scientific publications, and the social media platforms where they distribute your publication. We used a 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel software (version 16). Results: A total of 543 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-quarter were from the central region (5 (28.55\%)) followed by the eastern region (133 (24.49\%)), with statistically significant differences between regions (p=0.000). Females responded (321 (59.12\%)) more than males (222 (40.88\%)). Based on nationality, Saudi nationals (351 (64.64\%)) responded more than non-Saudi nationals (192 (35.36\%)), with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.000). The average score for type of journal for scientific publications was 3.99 with high scores obtained {\textquotedblleft}article in the international scientific journal{\textquotedblright} (4.26) and {\textquotedblleft}article in the local scientific journal{\textquotedblright} (4.22), with statistically significant difference between responses (p=0.000). The average score of pharmacist practice of unique elements during scientific publications was 3.81, with high scores obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}are your colleague{\textquoteright}s reviewers{\textquotedblright} (4.10) and {\textquotedblleft}spelling and grammar checker through special software{\textquotedblright} (3.95). The average score for the {\textquotedblleft}type of social media platforms to distribute your scientific publications{\textquotedblright} was 3.33, with high scores obtained for WhatsApp (3.73) and YouTube (3.56). The scores for the single-test reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 0.939, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α was 0.935, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.942, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.976, and greater lower bound was 0.990. Conclusion: The practice of scientific publication by pharmacists was found to be fair in Saudi Arabia. An annual report about pharmacists involved in the scientific publication is suggested. We recommend improving the practice of scientific publications by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Pharmacist, Practice, Publications, Saudi Arabia, Scientific}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Juman saad Mohammad Alsaab and Razan Alshehri and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {232, title = {Preparations for Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Examination}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {129-139}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objectives: The preparation tools and resources used for licensure examinations in the pharmacy practice are crucial to entry-level pharmacist{\textquoteright}s skills for licensures exam. It was a cross-sectional descriptive study aimed at demonstrating the preparation methodology for passing the Saudi Pharmacist Licensure Exam (SPLE) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), focusing on the preparation tools, resources, and barriers of pharmacy workers. Methods: The data for this study was collected through a self-electronic survey and analyzed using the survey monkey systems and the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS). The study used a sample size of 701 participants statistically calculated with a 95\% CI, 1.96 z score, and 5\% margin error. Results: The study found medium scores (M=3.31, p=.000) in the preparation tools to SPLE with highly used Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) in pharmacy practice and review of healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} law. In contrast, Non-pharmacy board license exams stimulating undergraduate examinations, Anxiety about the test, and Lack of preparation were the most significant barriers preventing the entry-level pharmacist{\textquoteright}s licensure examinations. In addition, gender and material status affected SPLE preparation tools, resources, and obstacles to perceptions. Conclusion: The analysis concluded that the current licensure examination (SPLE) preparation tool was self-preparations and used resources. There are no standardized entry-level licensure examination tools or resources, necessitating targeted changes in undergraduate schools to introduce preparation tools that measure entry-level pass Pharmacist Licensure Exam very efficiently.

}, keywords = {Competency, Exam, Licensure, Perceptions, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nahed Rashid Alyami and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Seham Abed Almehmadi and Juman~ Alsaab and Shumukh Saleh Al Thubaiti and Raghad Abdullah Ali Alghamdi} } @article {231, title = {Public Knowledge of Herbal Medicine for Respiratory Viral Infection in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {123-128}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {123}, abstract = {

Aim: This survey analysis investigated indevisuals{\textquoteright} knowledge of herbal medications to treat common respiratory viral infections. Methods: A self-administered, structured questionnaire was sent to the public online, including questions on the responders{\textquoteright} demographics and questions about different herbal medications and their use to treat viral respiratory infections. Data analysis was executed through the survey SPSS program. Results: Four hundred eighty-six individuals responded to this questionnaire; 89.92\% of the responders were from the west area, and 56.49\% were in the age group between 18 and 30. The most herbal medications used for respiratory viral infections was honey 364 (78.79\%), and lemon juice 327 (71.24\%), followed by Ginger 288 (64.43\%) and Mint 292 (64.04\%\%) While the least herbal medicine used was Sambucus nigra 26 (6.09\%) and Licorice 26 (6.68\%). The most herbal medicine not known among responders was Sambucus nigra 147 (34.43\%), Sugarcane 136 (31.48\%), and Radish 135 (31.47\%\%). Herbal medicines usages were significantly higher among males, except for cloves and miswak; their use was significantly higher among females. Retired individuals (p value\<0.001), high income (p-value\<0.001), non-healthcare professionals (p-value=0.003), age group between 51 to 60 years old (p-value\<0.001), married individuals (p-value\<0.001) all had higher knowledge level about herbal medications use in viral respiratory infections. The survey{\textquoteright}s reliability was tested by Mac 0.96, Cronbach 0.958, Gultman 2 0.961, and Gultman 6 0.973. Conclusion: The level of knowledge about herbal medicine use among individuals in Saudi Arabia is inadequate. Awareness of the general public about herbal medications should be improved.

}, keywords = {Herbal medications, Knowledge, Respiratory infections, Saudi Arabia, Viral}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.16}, author = {Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Murouj Almaghrabi and Ghadeer Alhazmi and Menwer Tashan Zaid Alanazi and Mohammad Almatrafi and Ghaida Alzahrani} } @article {190, title = {Analysis of Practice of Drug Information Resources by Dentists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {28-34}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Aim: This study{\textquoteright}s objective was to analyze dentists{\textquoteright} practice of drug information resources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional study about the dentists{\textquoteright} practice of drug information resources in Saudi Arabia. It is a self-reported and electronic survey of dentists. We included dentists from interns to consultants and from all specialties in dentistry and located in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts. The first part collected demographic information. The second part collected data about the type of drug information inquiries, aspects of dental drug information resources, and the dental drug information resources and types of dental drug information resources used in practice are responsible. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses to the survey questions. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed through the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16). Results: The average number of dental information resources was 0.84 per patient daily. The most commonly referred resource in relation to the dental drug information was biweekly (94 (36.43\%)), monthly (92 (35.66\%)) followed by weekly (35 (13.58\%)) newsletter in addition to those published a few times per year (18 (6.98\%)). The most frequently searched question was about the adverse reaction (190 (73.36\%)) and drug availability (144 (55.60\%)), whereas the majority of the dental prescriptions was related to the oral ulcer (83 (32.05\%)) and sedation medications (74 (28.57\%)). The average score for the item {\textquotedblleft}implemented items for dental drug information resources{\textquotedblright} was 1.78. The highest score was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}an annual plan of dental drug information resources{\textquotedblright} (1.88). In contrast, the lowest score was obtained for {\textquotedblleft}dental drug information resources dentist{\textquoteright}s competency{\textquotedblright} (1.7), with statistically significant differences between all responses (p\<0.001). The highest scores of dental drug information resources (to authorities) the responsibility was a clinical pharmacist (4.65) and pharmacy technicians (4.34). In contrast, the lowest score was dentists (2.19), with statistical signification among all answers in each aspect (p\<0.001). Conclusion: Despite the demand for resources to resolve drug-related dental care problems, the resources were seldom utilized. Targeting education and training of dental information resources is required to improve dental patient care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Analysis, Dentist, Drug Information, Practice, Resources, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anwar Mouslim Alshammari and Juman saad Mohammad Alsaab} } @article {199, title = {Charity Pharmaceutical Care Services: a New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {61-65}, type = {Review Articles}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Objectives: To affirm the Charity pharmaceutical care services as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national Charity heath care services societies and regulations. The projects expressed from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and entails of several parts, including the initial and planning phases, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The Charity pharmaceutical care services with a defined vision, mission, and goals. The services had numerous benefits, counting clinical and economical on patients, as illustrated in the review. The continuation of the project is guaranteed by the risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. Finally, the transition to operation project through closing project stage is discovered in the analysis. Conclusion: The Charity pharmaceutical care services are a new initiative part of the charity medical and healthcare services. The Charity pharmaceutical care services were part of pharmacy strategic plan with Saudi vision 2030, meet the demand of healthcare services, and diminish the economic burden on the healthcare system; it is highly proposed to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Charity, Initiative, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {194, title = {Dental Drug Information Applications: New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {75-81}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Objectives: The dental medications information application is one of the grave elements in dental practice. Therefore, the review of the updated mobile applications of dental drug information is swotted. Methods: It was revitalized of the literature on the dental drug information mobile software includes the PubMed and Medline search on this topic in numerous methods. The current project of drug information applications reconnoiters through descriptions with accent on market analysis, SWOT analysis, project team, cost management, quality requirements, and risk factors linked issues. Nominated applications had been invigorated, counting the software name, coverage of the medications, frequency updating, and subscription-related. Results: There is no examination about dental medication{\textquoteright}s mobile applications. There is more than fifteen mobile software suitable for dental providers. The project should be realized through project management professionals tools. The choosing of dental applications includes drug information based on numerous factors, coverage of the scientific data, the level of knowledge, and cost of the subscription. The advantages and disadvantages had studied throughout. Conclusion: The drug information resources with mobile applications are useful and easily reachable for all dental practitioners{\textquoteright} specialties. Therefore, the employment of the dental applications of drug information is highly suggested in dental care.

}, keywords = {Application, Dental, Drug, Information, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hanin Sumaydan Saleam Aljohani and Amnah Abdulaziz Al Shams and Sukinah Abdulaziz Mohammed Alshams} } @article {196, title = {Dental Drug Information Tertiary Resources: New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {44-52}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objectives: The textbook of dental drug information resources is a prime reference to dental knowledge. The dental knowledge valuation is appropriate for dental care. The contemporary topic of declaring the updated information about dental medications textbooks. Methods: It is a literature review of drug information resources and tertiary resources in dental practice. Searching of PubMed/Medline dated from the 1960s to 2021s. It entailed of all types of research design including market analysis, SWOT analysis, quality management of the project, and management of any risks. The selected drug information resources list was done through resources name, medications coverage, types of publications, either manual or online or mobile applications, frequency of updating, and the publisher. Results: The total number of nominated dental tertiary drug information was more than twenty. The tertiary resources are articulated as regular textbooks or online and mobile applications. Some resources were only about dental drug information. They were a potted or in-depth information including some of the resources about disease management with importance on the specialties. Recently, there is a collection of drug information textbooks through a website. This includes choice of selection textbookbased of updated information, method of publications online and applications and cost-related issues. Conclusion: Dental drug information resources textbook was vital in the dental care. The collection of textbooks with more than one method of publication online and mobile application are highly endorsed in dental practice.

}, keywords = {Dental, Drug, Resources, Saudi Arabia, Tertiary}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hanin Sumaydan Saleam Aljohani and Arub Abdullah Batil Albatil and Amnah Abdulaziz Al Shams and Sukinah Abdulaziz Mohammed Alshams} } @article {197, title = {Dental Drug Information Websites Resources: New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {53-60}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {53}, abstract = {

Objectives: All healthcare professionals necessity to improve and update their medical and pharmaceutical knowledge, including dentists. There are numerous types of dental medications, including drug information website resources. The current review is to reconnoiter references websites of medications in the dental care. Methods: It is a literature review of a drug information website for dentists. Probing was done in PubMed and Medline about this field. The search encompassed all study designs but was not limited to the observation study, clinical trial, meta-analysis and systemic, and review articles. The current topic debated the market assessment demand, team and cost management of the project, quality and risk management of the project. It was rationalized on selected dental drug websites designed with medications coverage, frequency updated, and responsible publisher. Results: More than 13 drug information websites for dental practice had been intended. The websites consisted of free governmental or healthcare organizations websites highlighting international medications regulation or local drug regulatory affairs with mobile applications format. Free non-governmental drug information website entailed of drug therapy as part of disease management and other medication patient education websites. All websites of dental drug information resources should be measured undergraduate and postgraduate dental practitioners. Conclusion: Dental drug information resources website is real-world and more accessible than other resources. Therefore, implementation of the current project is highly recommended for dental colleges and healthcare organizations.

}, keywords = {Dental, Drug, Information, Resources, Saudi Arabia, Websites}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.10}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hanin Sumaydan Saleam Aljohani and Arub Abdullah Batil Albatil} } @article {188, title = {Dentist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of Essential Drug Information Resources in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {17-22}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the knowledge of dentists regarding drug information resources in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional study exploring the knowledge of dentists about drug information resources in Saudi Arabia. This is a self-reported electronic survey of dentists. The questionnaire contained two parts. The first section collected demographic data of the responders. In contrast, the second section collected information about dentists{\textquoteright} essential knowledge about dental drug information resources, knowledge of the selected 12 dental drug information books, and their preferred 17 websites containing dental drug information resources. We used 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses to the close-ended questions. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and were analyzed using SPSS and Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 260 dentists responded to the survey. Of them, 153 (59.30\%) were male, and 105 (40.7\%) were female, which was statistically significant (p\<0.003). The majority of the responders (257 (98.85\%)) were in 24{\textendash}35 years. Almost half of the responders were interns (135 (51.92\%)) followed by residents (63 (24.23\%)) and as General Practitioner with (62 (23.85\%)), which was statistically significant (p\<0.001). The average score of dentist knowledge about dental drug information resources was 1.80, and the highest score was recorded for knowledge of the concept of dental drug information resources. The average dental knowledge score of dental drug information resources was 1.80, which was statistically significant (p\<0.5). The majority of the responders (80.70\%) were not familiar with dental drug information books. In contrast, the best resources known by the responders were Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (55 (21.24\%)) and ADA Dental Drug Handbook (54 (20.77\%)). The majority of the responders (74.30\%) were not familiar with the websites related to dental drug information resources. In comparison, the most frequently used resources by the responders were the World Health Organization (WHO) (137 (52.69\%)) and Ministry of Health websites (137 (52.69\%)). Conclusion: The responders had insufficient knowledge about the available dental drug information resources, including books and websites. Targeting to improve dentist knowledge of dental drug information resources is required in Saudi Arabia through dental schools, and pharmacists play a critical role in dental education.

}, keywords = {Dentist, Drug Information, Knowledge, Resources, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anwar Mouslim Alshammari and Hanin Sumaydan Saleam Aljohani} } @article {189, title = {Dentist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of Evidence-based Dentistry and Digital Applications Resources in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {23-27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {23}, abstract = {

Objectives: Drug information resources provide clinicians with safer use of medications and play a vital role in improving drug safety. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has become essential to medical practice; however, EBM is still an emerging dentistry concept. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore dentists{\textquoteright} knowledge about evidence-based dentistry resources in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional study conducted to analyze dentists{\textquoteright} knowledge about evidencebased dentistry resources in Saudi Arabia. We included dentists from interns to consultants and those across all dentistry specialties and located in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information and knowledge of resources on dental drugs. The knowledge of evidence-based dental care and knowledge of dental drug information applications. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Moreover, various reliability tests had been done with the study. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) and Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 260 dentists responded to the survey. Of them, 51\% were interns, 85\% as dental staff with three years or less experience by 88.46\%. The results showed that most responders (56.76\%) did not know that the Evidence-Based Dentistry (EBD) database is a part of the drug information resource. Their institution does not establish it. Almost half of the responders (48.23\%) were not familiar with the digital application of dental drug information resources. The average knowledge of dentists regarding EBD drug information resources was 48\%. Furthermore, the majority of the resources that the dentists frequently accessed were MEDLINE/PubMed (77.69\%), American College of Physicians (www. acponline.org/ clinical information/ guidelines/) (73 (28.08\%), and Guideline.gov (www.guideline.gov) (71 (27.31\%). Conclusion: There was inadequate knowledge of evidence-based dentistry of drug information resources in Saudi Arabia. Implementation of these findings is vital for optimizing patient outcomes, improving clinical practice, and patient care.

}, keywords = {Dentist, Digital Application, Evidence-based Dentistry, Knowledge, Resources, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anwar Mouslim Alshammari and Hanin Sumaydan Saleam Aljohani} } @article {198, title = {Evidence-based Drug Dentistry Resource: New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {66-74}, type = {Review Articles}, chapter = {66}, abstract = {

Objectives: Evidence-based dentistry is a existing practice in the dental care. Evidence-based dental medications play a grave part in this field. The reconnoiter of evidence-based dental drug information resources is swotted in this topic. Methods: It is a chronicle review of evidence-based dentistry of drug information resources. The literature had been examined through PubMed and Medline from the 1960s to 2021s. All types of literature encompassed. If not existed, the textbook of drug information will be designed. The project is defined through market analysis and SWOT tools. The team and cost management will be deliberated. Quality management and risk factors will be involved in the project. The list of evidence-based dentistry discovers literature coverage, frequency of updating, type of publications online or applications, and responsible publisher. Results: There are more than twenty evidence-based dentistry drug information resources were nominated. There are numerous types of resources, including free-of-charge evidence-based. It contained of collecting the primary literature and evidence-based dental guidelines. Some resources had a collection of meta-analysis and systemic review literature with a paid subscription. Other comprehensive collection of journal publications includes from the USA and European journals. Additional drug information resources through a comprehensive search engine of all evidence-based dental drug information resources. The choice of evidence-based dentistry is based on numerous factors debated in the topic. Conclusion: Evidence-based dentistry with an emphasis on drug information resources connected issues is a present part of dental practice. Therefore, the implementation of the project is mandatory at the healthcare organizations in the dental care.

}, keywords = {Dentistry, Drug, Evidence-based, Resources, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hanin Sumaydan Saleam Aljohani and Arub Abdullah Batil Albatil} } @article {184, title = {Infection Control Pharmacist: A New Initiative Project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {40-43}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {40}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the Infection control pharmacist as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national and international Infection control regulations and guidelines. The projects are formulated from the global business model, pharmacy project guidelines and professional project management elements. The initial project followed the project management professionals, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The vision, mission and goals of the Infection control pharmacist are explored. The services had various benefits, including clinical and economical, on patients, as illustrated in the review. The continuous of the project revised by the risk management model description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project through closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The Infection control pharmacist is a new initiative and part of the clinical pharmacy specialties and pharmacy infection control services. The Infection control pharmacist meet the demand of pharmacy infection control, prevent infection control related problems and contribute during epidemic or pandemic and medical disaster; it is highly suggested to implement in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Infection control, Initiative, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anhar Mohammed Alyousef} } @article {185, title = {Outsourcing of Pharmaceutical Care Services: A New Initiative Project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {01-04}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the outsourcing of pharmaceutical care services as a new initiative project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a new initiative project driven by the international outsourcing of pharmaceutical care services guidelines. The project has been formulated from the global business model, pharmaceutical project guidelines, and professional project management of a new project. The project management professionals have written this initiative project. It consists of the following parts: The initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, and finally, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: We explored the outsourcing of pharmaceutical care services with a defined vision, mission, and goals. The services had various benefits, including clinical and economic outcomes on patients. The risk management model was explored, which assured the continuity of the project. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the project{\textquoteright}s services as declared. The transition to operation project through the closing project stage has also been explored in this study. Conclusion: The outsourcing of pharmaceutical care services is a new initiative project and part of the pharmacy strategic plan with Saudi Vision 2030 programs. The outsourcing of pharmaceutical care services meets the pharmacy workforce{\textquoteright}s demand, completes the requirement of some pharmacy services, and improves clinical pharmacy sections without additional cost. We highly recommend it to be implemented in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Outsourcing, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {191, title = {Perception of Dentists about Drug Information Resources in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {35-39}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Objectives: Previous studies have shown that overprescription of antibiotics and other drugs is still existing in dentistry. Fortunately, dental drug information resources can be used to help dentists choose the proper medication. In this study, we aimed to study dentists{\textquoteright} perceptions of dentists concerning the use of dental drug information resources in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month descriptive cross-sectional study. This self-reported electronic survey included dentists from all specialties of dentistry in Saudi Arabia. All nondentists and students were excluded from this study. The survey collected demographic information, dentists{\textquoteright} perceptions about dental drug information resources, and the barriers preventing them from implementing dental drug information resources. The survey was distributed through social media, and the data were validated and revised by expert reviewers and pilot testing. The reliability was assessed based on Cronbach{\textquoteright}s alpha value. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using SPSS and JASP software. Results: A total of 260 dentists responded to this survey, with 28.85\% responding from the north and 24.62\% responding from the central region. Of them, 59.30\% were male, and 40.7\% were female responders. The majority of the dentists (98.85\%) were in 24{\textendash}35 years. Almost 51.92\% of the dentists were interns, followed by residents (24.23\%) and general practitioners (23.85\%). The score of dentists{\textquoteright} perceptions of dental drug information resources was (3.6); the highest for the element {\textquotedblleft}acknowledging that drug information resources can prevent medication errors and lead to positive outcomes.{\textquotedblright} The lowest score was recorded for the aspect (2.33) {\textquotedblleft}dental drug information resources are new for the dentist,{\textquotedblright} and they change the dentist{\textquoteright}s initial prescribing habits. The average score for the perception of barriers to implementing dental drug information resources was (3.5); the pharmacists were not aware of their responsibility, and dental drug information resources were not appropriately taught in dental school. Conclusion: Dentists need to be encouraged to learn about drugs. Dental schools should implement medication-focused courses to help students better understand the drug information resources. Further studies are warranted to measure the knowledge of undergraduate students of dentistry regarding the practice of dental drug information resources.

}, keywords = {Dentists, Drug Information, Perception, Resources, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anwar Mouslim Alshammari and Khaznah Saad Alshammari} } @article {173, title = {Clinical Compounding Service: New Initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {82-84}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Objective: To declare the clinical compounding service as new initiatives in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project of clinical compounding service. The projects drove the international clinical compounding service guidelines, the global business model, and pharmacy project guidelines a new project. The initial project is written through project management professionals and contained several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The clinical compounding service defined vision, mission, and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical, on the healthcare system, as described in the review. The continuation of the services assured by risk management elements description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the projects as illustrated. The transition to operation project though the closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The clinical compounding service program is a new initiative project in pharmacy practice. The new project is part of innovative pharmacy practice and projecting of new extemporaneous preparations, and it is highly suggested in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Compounding, Extemporaneous, Formulation, Preparations, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {182, title = {Medications Onboard Aircraft: New Initiative System in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {105-108}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {105}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the medications onboard aircraft as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national medications onboard aircraft services guidelines. The projects formulated from the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines and project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The medications onboard aircraft services with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had various benefits including clinical and economic on patients as exemplified in the review. The continuous of the project assured by risk management model description. In addition, the monitoring and controlling of the services as declared. The transition to operation project though closing project stage discovered in the analysis. Conclusion: The medications onboard aircraft services is new initiative part of the medical and healthcare airlines program. The medications onboard aircraft properly meet the emergency need during aircraft journey and improve patient satisfaction on airlines healthcare and medical services; it is highly recommended to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Aircraft, Airplane, Initiative, Medications, Onboard, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli} } @article {171, title = {National Pharmacy Research and Development (R and D) Program: New Initiatives in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {76-78}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {76}, abstract = {

Objective: To declare the national pharmacy research and development program as new initiatives in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project of pharmacy research and development. The projects drove the international research and development guidelines, and pharmacy project guidelines of a new project and the global business model. The initial project is written through project management professionals and included several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The pharmacy research and development services that defined vision, mission, and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical, on the healthcare system, as described in the review. The continuation of the services assured by risk management elements description. Furthermore, the monitoring and controlling of the projects as illustrated. The transition to operation project though the closing project stage explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The pharmacy research and development program is a new initiative project in clinical pharmacy and pharmacy administration tools. The new project is useful to measure the clinical and economic of pharmacy practice and forecasting of new pharmacy programs, and it is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Development, Initiatives, National, Pharmacy, Research, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {165, title = {National Survey of Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia-2017-2018: Performances and Activities}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {44-49}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the national survey of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia from 2017- 2018 with an emphasis on performances and activities. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey regarding clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: The first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 51 questions divided into four domains. The questions were derived from the standards of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) and Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) survey, the international standards of the Joint Commission of Hospital Accreditation, in addition to the local standards of Saudi Center of Healthcare Accreditation. The four domains were as follows: clinical pharmacy administration and management, performances and activities, education and training and workload documentation. The responses were obtained using a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions. The survey questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the 31 directors of pharmacies at various hospitals in Saudi Arabia. In this study, we analyzed the national survey of clinical pharmacy practice at hospitals in Saudi Arabia with regard to performances and activities. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey questionnaire was distributed to 31 hospitals. Majority of the specifications of clinical pharmacy services provided were for concurrent and routine monitoring of drug therapy of the patients (17 (54.84\%)) and written medication history (16 (51.61\%)). Majority of the clinical services recorded was for answering drug information inquiries (74.19\%), error and adverse drug event reporting (70.97\%) and medication administration (70.97\%). Most of the pharmacy units had clinical pharmacy services for control and narcotics system (4.13 (82.60\%)), unit dose system (4.07 (81.40\%)) and adults emergency medication (3.45 (69\%)). Most of the hospital programs had clinical services existed for stewardship antimicrobial (64.52\%), medication safety (61.29\%) and medication reconciliation/history-taking (54.84\%). Most of the methods of clinical pharmacist prescribing privileges in relevant hospital programs was prescribing under physician supervision (66), followed by independent prescribing (49) and refill prescribing (20). Conclusion: The performances of clinical pharmacy services monitoring of drug therapy only; that is including medication misadventures monitoring and prevention through antibiotics, medication safetyrelated services. The clinical pharmacist had inadequate prescribing privilege under physician supervision. Targeting of upgrading the clinical pharmacy performances and privilege is higher recommended with New Saudi vision 2030 to improve patient clinical outcome and avoid any economic burden of the healthcare system in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Activities, Clinical, Performances, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Adel Mehmas Alragas and Norah Omar Bin Haidarah} } @article {174, title = {National Survey of Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia-2017-2018: Workload Documentation}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {85-90}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the workload documentation of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia during 2017-2018. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey regarding the workload documentation of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: The first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 51 questions divided into four domains. These domains were derived from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) and Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) survey and the International Standard of Joint Commission of Hospital Accreditation in addition to the local standards of Saudi Center of Healthcare Accreditation. The four domains were clinical pharmacy administration and management, performances and activities, education and training and workload documentation. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain the responses. The questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the 31 directors of pharmacies at hospitals. In this study, we conducted a national survey of clinical pharmacy practice at hospitals in Saudi Arabia on workload analysis and documentation. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 31 hospitals and the total number of the patients who were followed up through clinical pharmacy services was 27.88 daily, 836.29 monthly, with 10.82 patients daily per hospital. The total number of prescriptions reviewed by the clinical pharmacist was 184.86 daily, 1294.05 monthly, with (68.77) patients daily per each hospital. Most of the documented clinical pharmacy services existed for medication errors (80.65\%), adverse drug reactions (77.42\%) and drug quality reporting (70.97\%). Most of the documentation of clinical impact and cost avoidance of clinical pharmacy services existed for drug information inquiries (61.29\%), medication errors (58.06\%) and adverse drug reactions (58.06\%). Most of the monthly workload analysis of clinical activities existed for the number of prescriptions (80.65\%), number of medication errors (70.97\%) and for adverse drug reactions (67.74\%). Conclusion: The documentation of workload of clinical pharmacy services is inadequate especially with respect to the clinical outcome and cost avoidance impact. Most of the clinical pharmacy activities were ordinary performances provided to few numbrer of patients. Improve the documentation of workload activities is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Documentation, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Workload}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Adel Mehmas Alragas and Norah Omar Bin Haidarah} } @article {157, title = {National Survey of Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia-2017-2018: Administration and Management}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we explored the national survey of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia during 2017-2018 with an emphasis on the administration and management of pharmacy practice. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: the demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 51 questions divided into four domains. The domains were derived from the standards and guidelines provided by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS), the international standard of Joint Commission of Hospital Accreditation, in addition to the local standards of Saudi Center of Healthcare Accreditation. The four domains were the clinical pharmacy administration and management, performances and activities, education and training and workload documentation. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with closeand open-ended questions to obtain the responses. The questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the 31 directors of pharmacies at hospitals. In this study, we conducted a national survey of clinical pharmacy practice at hospitals in Saudi Arabia on performances and activities. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey questionnaire was distributed to 31 hospitals. The average score of the elements related to the clinical pharmacy administration was 3.32 (66.31\%). Most of the elements responded were policies and procedures of pharmacist privilege (4.00 (80.00\%)) followed by the mission of clinical pharmacy (3.87 (77.40\%)) and vision of clinical pharmacy administration (3.71 (74.20\%)). Most of the clinical pharmacy services provided for adult, pediatric, neonate and geriatric patients was for critical care, medical services and for emergency. Most of the hospitals had no satellite services assistant the clinical pharmacy services (22 (70.97\%)). The majority of the responders agreed that clinical pharmacy services improve the safety and effectiveness of patient care (27 (93.10\%)), decreases morbidity and mortality rate (23 (79.31\%)) and increases the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s role toward patient care (20 (68.97\%)). Conclusion: The elements of clinical pharmacy administration were not adequate in the KSA. Most of the hospital services received the clinical pharmacy services not exceeding 50\%. Despite the fact that the pharmacy administration has a good record of clinical pharmacy services, there are not enough resources to provide over 24-hr service. Revision of clinical pharmacy services is highly necessary in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Administration, Clinical, Management, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Adel Mehmas Alragas and Norah Omar Bin Haidarah} } @article {175, title = {National Survey of Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia-2017-2018: Education and Training}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {91-95}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {91}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the national survey of clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia during 2017- 2018 with emphasis on the education and training available to the pharmacy staff. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey on clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: The first part collects demographic information and the second part comprises of 51 questions divided into four domains. The domains are derived from the American Society of Health- System Pharmacists (ASHP), Saudi Pharmaceutical Society (SPS) survey, the international standard of Joint Commission of Hospital Accreditation and from the local standards of Saudi Center of Healthcare Accreditation. The four domains were the clinical pharmacy administration and management, performances and activities, education and training and workload documentation. We used a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions to obtain responses. The questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the 31 directors of pharmacies at hospitals. In this study, we analyzed the national survey of clinical pharmacy practice at hospitals in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on education and training. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey questionnaire distributed to 31 hospitals. The most qualified educational course available for the clinical pharmacy staff was on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (74.19\%) and on advance cardiac life support (ACLS) (36.67\%) and the least available educational course was advance trauma life support (ATLS) (10.71\%). Almost all educational courses were provided to the general clinical pharmacist (89) and clinical pharmacist supervisor (22). The majority of the educational courses provided to the healthcare professionals was on short educational course of 1{\textendash}5 days (85 (47.22\%)) followed by basic medication safety (60 (45.45\%)) and clinical pharmacy orientation 50 (41.67\%), whereas clinical pharmacists provided educational and training courses to healthcare providers mainly for general nurses (108) followed by resident physicians (66) and specialist physicians (53) periodically. Conclusion: The clinical pharmacy staff missed some primary educational and training courses. Less than half of the hospitals provided educational courses to healthcare care professionals. We highly recommend bilingual educational and training facilities for clinical pharmacy staff and healthcare professionals in the KSA.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Education, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Training}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Adel Mehmas Alragas and Norah Omar Bin Haidarah} } @article {160, title = {Pharmacist Intervention Documentation in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {19-24}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacist intervention documentation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional self-administrated survey on documentation of pharmacist intervention. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised of a questionnaire with 18 questions. The second part included policy and procedure, type of data through pharmacist intervention, reporting workload of pharmacist intervention documentation. All types of pharmacist professionals were included in this survey. We used a 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain the responses. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through the social media (WhatsApp) and other social media to more than 1000 pharmacist professionals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey was distributed in an electronic format and the data were analyzed through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 128 pharmacists responded to the survey. Of them, 106 (82.81\%) were Saudi and 22 (17.19\%) were non- Saudi professionals. The majority of the responders were in the age group of 25{\textendash}34 years and 35{\textendash}44 years (44.53\% and 25.00\%, respectively). Most of the responders had obtained Bachelor of Pharmacy (40 (31.25\%)) and Doctor of Pharmacy degree (33 (25.78\%)) and the majority of the pharmacists (112 (87.50\%)) were not accredited by the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialty. The average score of the administration element of pharmacist intervention documentation was 3.68 (73.66\%). Policies and procedures of pharmacist intervention documentation obtained the highest score (4.13 (82.6\%)) followed by the quality management (3.78 (75.60\%)) and education with training (3.76 (75.20\%)). Adverse drug reactions (92.86\%) and medication errors (91.19\%) were most of the recorded type of documentation and poisoning information inquiries (65.62\%) and medication reconciliation (80.31\%) were the least type of documentation, with an average 54.66\% documented electronically. Conclusion: The pharmacist intervention documentation was found to be acceptable in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The half of pharmacist intervention documentations was an electronic only. In the future, we recommend to improve the system and correct barriers related issues. This will enhance the process of documentation and explore the impact and role of the pharmacist in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Documentation, Intervention, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia, Workload}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ebtissam Mohammad Badawoud and Asma Al-Dosari and Asmaa Al-Fifi and Razan Al-Dossari and Haya Fahad bin Omar and Huda Al-Jaziri} } @article {166, title = {Pharmacist Privilege in Saudi Arabia: Pharmacist Prescribing and Therapeutic Interchange}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {50-54}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {50}, abstract = {

Objectives: To survey the pharmacist privilege in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of pharmacists privilege in Saudi Arabia. The study consists of two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part comprises 28 questions divided into four domains. These domains were derived from the previous literature and from the standards and regulations described by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). The domains were privilege management and resources, pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange, clinical and administration privilege, drug monitoring and healthcare education. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with closeand open-ended questions to obtain responses. The questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the director of pharmacy of various hospitals, deputy director, pharmacy quality management, clinical pharmacy coordinators, or any pharmacist assigned on behalf of hospital{\textquoteright}s director of pharmacy. The study discussed and analyzed pharmacist privilege in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 36 hospitals. The pharmacist privilege of prescribing was available only at 12 (32.14\%) hospitals. over-the-counter (OTC) medications (19 (90.48\%)) and vitamins (14 (66.67\%)) were most of the medications with pharmacist privilege of prescribing followed by minerals (11 (52.38\%)) and electrolytes (10 (47.62\%)), whereas NSAIDs (23 (63.89\%)), Vitamins (19 (52.78\%)), electrolytes (17 (47.22\%)) and antihistamine (15 (41.67\%)) were through therapeutic interchange program. Most of the pharmacists prescribing medication was through ambulatory care clinic (19 (52.78\%)) and when prescription was cosigned by the physician (19 (52.78\%)). The average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital{\textquoteright}s computerized physician order entry (CPOE) was 3.17 (63.46\%), whereas the average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital{\textquoteright}s CPOE alerting system was 2.97 (59.46\%). Conclusion: In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, pharmacist privilege in prescribing medications is very low. Most of the medications prescribed by the pharmacist were OTC drugs. Thepharmacist privilege in the Computerized Physician Order Entry is not adequate. We highly recommend the implementation of a comprehensive pharmacist privilege system and regulations ed in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Interchange, Pharmacist, Prescribing, Privilege, Saudi Arabia, Therapeutic}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.9}, author = {Faisal Al-Otaibi and Mohamed Soliman Imam and Randa Mansour Abdel-Sattar Ahmed and Amsha Alotaibi and Asma Alotaibi and Amal Alotaibi and Wesam Alsuwaid and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {168, title = {Practice and Perception of Pharmacist Intervention Documentation in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {60-65}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {60}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the practice and perceptions of pharmacist intervention documentation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional self-administered survey of documentation of pharmacist intervention. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised of a questionnaire with a total of 18 questions. There were domains: pharmacist intervention documentation elements, documentation of clinical impact and cost avoidance, the perception of pharmacist intervention and the barrier of pharmacist intervention documentation. All kinds of pharmacist professionals were included in the survey. We used 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses. There were open and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed in an electronic format through the social media (WhatsApp and others) to more than 1000 pharmacist professionals across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 128 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, 106 (82.81\%) were Saudi and 22 (17.19\%) were non-Saudi pharmacists. Majority of the responders were in the age group of 25{\textendash}34 years and 35{\textendash}44 years (44.53\% and 25.00\%, respectively). Most of the responders had obtained their Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy degree (40 (31.25\%)) and Diploma in Pharmacy (33 (25.78\%)) with the majority of pharmacists (112 (87.50\%)) not having accreditation for the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialty. Most of the pharmacist-reported intervention items was for brief description of the intervention (94.49 \%), date of intervention (93.75\%) and pharmacist{\textquoteright}s name/identification (93.70\%), whereas least reported items was the effect of cost-saving (45.57\%), time spent on providing intervention (51.61\%) and drug therapeutic classification (65.73\%). Most of the documentation of clinical impact and cost avoidance were related to the general pharmacist intervention (75.78\%), adverse drug reaction (72.66\%) and drug quality reporting (72.22\%). Most of the barriers that prevent documentation of pharmacist intervention was lack of time (98 (76.56\%)) followed by the statement {\textquotedblleft}there is no system for pharmacist intervention{\textquotedblright} (43 (33.59\%)) and {\textquotedblleft}the analysis of pharmacist intervention does not exist{\textquotedblright} (41 (32.03\%)). Conclusion: Half of the responder{\textquoteright}s showed compliance with the practice of pharmacist intervention documentation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The clinical impact and cost avoidance impact of the pharmacist does not adhere to the documentation with half of the responders. The electronic documentations of pharmacist intervention presented with half of the responders. We recommend to remove the barriers and encourage the pharmacist to carry out documentation. This will improve the system and will improve the clinical and economic benefit of the pharmacist in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Documentation, Intervention, Perception Pharmacist, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Elaf Mohamad Faraj and Asma Al-Dosari and Asmaa Al-Fifi and Razan Al-Dossari and Haya Fahad bin Omar and Huda Al-Jaziri} } @article {158, title = {Privileges of Pharmacist in Saudi Arabia: Administration and Management}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {7-12}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the privileges of pharmacists through the pharmacy administration and management in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey regarding the privileges of pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 28 questions divided into 4 domains. The questions were derived from previous literature and from the regulatory standards of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). The four domains were as follows: privilege management and resources, pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange, clinical and administration privilege and drug monitoring and healthcare education. The responses were obtained using a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions. The survey questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the hospital{\textquoteright}s director of pharmacy of each hospital in Saudi Arabia. In this study, we analyzed pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege in Saudi Arabia with regard to the pharmacy administration and management. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 36 hospitals. The administration-related elements of pharmacist privilege with maximum score were policies and procedures of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege (3.88 (77.6\%)) followed by the vision of pharmacist privilege (3.57 (71.4\%)) and pharmacist privilege in the job description (3.56 (71.2\%)). The average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital committees was 3.47 (69.40\%). Most of the committees having pharmacist privilege was the patient or medication safety committee (4.09 (81.8\%)) followed by the pharmacy and therapeutic committee (4.06 (81.2\%)) and quality management committee (4.06 (81.2\%)). The average score of pharmacist privilege in the teams was 3.44 (68.85\%). The majority of the teams having pharmacist privilege was antibiotics team (4.25 (85\%)) followed by anticoagulation team (3.86 (77.2\%)) and IV therapy team (3.81 (76.2\%)). Conclusion: The privileges of a pharmacists is inadequate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Future programs should target to improve the healthcare system and expand pharmacists{\textquoteright} role in the hospital practice. This might improve the pharmaceutical care services and patient outcomes and prevent drug-related problems and unnecessary economic expenditure on the healthcare practice in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Administration, Management, Pharmacist, Privileges, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.2}, author = {Faisal Al-Otaibi and Mohamed Soliman Imam and Randa Mansour Abdel-Sattar Ahmed and Amsha Alotaibi and Asma Alotaibi and Amal Alotaibi and Wesam Alsuwaid and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {159, title = {Privileges of Pharmacist in Saudi Arabia: Clinical and Administrative Activities}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {13-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {13}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the privileges of pharmacists through the clinical and administrative activities in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey regarding clinical and administrative privileges of pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 28 questions divided into 4 domains. The questions were derived from previous literature and from the regulatory standards of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). The four domains were as follows: privilege management and resources, pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange, clinical and administration privilege and drug monitoring and healthcare education. The responses were obtained using a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions. The survey questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the director of pharmacy of each hospital in Saudi Arabia. In this study, we analyzed pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege in Saudi Arabia with regard to the clinical and administrative activities. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 36 hospitals. The average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital pharmacy practice program was 3.16 (63.13\%). Most of the pharmacy practice programs having pharmacist privilege were nonformulary requests (3.69 (73.8\%)), patient counseling (3.60 (72\%)) and medication errors preventing and monitoring (3.58 (71.6\%)). The average score of clinical privilege for a pharmacist was 2.95 (58.97\%). The maximum score of clinical privileges for a pharmacist were to answer questions from all healthcare professionals (3.83 (76.6\%)), to decrease drug dosing (3.47 (69.4\%)) and to change drug strength (3.4 (68\%)). The average score of pharmacist administration privilege was 3.14 (62.75\%). The administration privileges for pharmacists were to conduct educational courses (3.81 (76.2\%)) followed by to setup vision and mission (3.71 (74.20\%)) and to conduct training programs (3.64 (72.80\%)). Conclusion: The clinical and administrative privileges of a pharmacist is not well established in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Most of the clinical and administrative privileges were regular and primary duties. Therefore, it is important to update the policies and procedures of clinical and administrative privileges given to a pharmacist with more engagement in the pharmacy practice. These practices are highly recommended in order to improve pharmaceutical care implementation at hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Activities, Administrative, Clinical, Pharmacist, Privileges, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.3}, author = {Faisal Al-Otaibi and Mohamed Soliman Imam and Randa Mansour Abdel-Sattar Ahmed and Amsha Alotaibi and Asma Alotaibi and Amal Alotaibi and Wesam Alsuwaid and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {167, title = {Privileges of Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia: Drug Monitoring and Providing Education to Healthcare Professionals}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {55-59}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the privileges of pharmacists with regard to the drug monitoring and providing education to healthcare professionals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey regarding drug monitoring and providing education to healthcare professionals in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 28 questions divided into 4 domains. The questions were derived from previous literature and from the regulatory standards of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). The four domains were as follows: management and resources, pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange, clinical and administration privilege and drug monitoring and healthcare education. The responses were obtained using a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions. The survey questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the director of pharmacy. In this study, we analyzed pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege with regard to drug monitoring and the education of healthcare providers. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 36 hospitals. Most of the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege in drug monitoring and documentation of the clinical impact and cost avoidance was related to patient counseling (90.63\%), adverse drug reactions (88.24\%) and drug quality reporting (87.50\%). Most of the candidates were students from Diploma in Pharmacy (50.00\%) followed by (47.22\%) pharmacy student and (44.44\%) pharmacy technician. Majority of the pharmacists having privileges in providing education and training was available for pharmacists and clinical pharmacists. Finally, pharmacy technicians delivered most of the education and training to general physicians, nurses and specialist physicians. Conclusion: In Saudi Arabia, privileges of a pharmacist with regard to drug monitoring do not exist in various departments of hospitals such as neonates, pediatrics and geriatrics patients. Regular and clinical pharmacists had most of the privileges in providing education and training to the healthcare professionals and few of the healthcare professionals received education and training by the pharmacists. Therefore, there is an increasing demand of a comprehensive awareness program about privileges of a pharmacist in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Drug Monitoring, Education, Healthcare, Pharmacists, Privileges, Professionals, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.10}, author = {Faisal Al-Otaibi and Mohamed Soliman Imam and Randa Mansour Abdel-Sattar Ahmed and Amsha Alotaibi and Asma Alotaibi and Amal Alotaibi and Wesam Alsuwaid and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {176, title = {Reliability and Validity of Biostatical Analysis used for Pharmacy Research Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {96-104}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {96}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare reliability and validity of Biostatical Analysis used for Pharmacy Research Survey in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the research team. It{\textquoteright}s based on the updated literature, national and international accreditation standards organizations. The Internal consistency, reliability through inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, Split half reliability (Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6) and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha. The validity contained of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52\%). The among responders were males [108 (61.77\%)] and females [101 (48.33\%)]. The three tests had been done with reliability of 31 questions. The completed responders (185) (mean {\textpm} SD) was 3.236 {\textpm} 0.326 and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were 0.980, 0.980 and 0.990, respectively with CI 95\% (0.975-0.983) and inter-item coloration was 0.607, while the item-total coloration \>0.53 and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 value if deleted was \>0.97. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of sampling adequacy was 0.966 and Bartlett{\textquoteright}s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was \<0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions was \>0.57, the related components were four of all 31 questions in four components as suggested. They were not confirmed by confirmatory with statistically significant (p\<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot and pathway analysis and fit not with the original survey changed to 3 factor loading. The confirmatory factor index was (0.761), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was (0.737), Goodness of fit index (GFI) was (0.844) and expected cross validation index (ECVI) (9.029). The collinearity of 23 questions was autocorrelation (2.609e -5) with not statistically significant (p=0.951). The majority of 23 question had Enjuone value close to number 1, while 11 questions had condition index more than 30. All of the 23 questions had The Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 except four questions and had tolerance more than 0.1 except four questions. Conclusion: The reliability and validity related to the corrected survey of biostatistics analysts used in pharmaceutical research in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were high. The pharmacy practice was properly used in further future research in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Biostatical Analysis, Knowledge, Pharmacy, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Survey, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ismail Hassan Amer Abu Rayah} } @article {161, title = {Reliability and Validity of EBM Resources of Pharmacy Research Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {25-32}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare reliability and validity of EBM Resources Knowledge used for Pharmacy Research Survey in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the researcher team. It{\textquoteright}s based on the updated literature, national and international accreditation standards organizations. The internal consistency reliability through, inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, split half reliability (Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6) and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha. The validity contained of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52\%). The responders were males 108 (61.77\%) and females 101 (48.33\%). The three tests had been done with reliability of 16 questions. The completed number of responders (200) (mean {\textpm} SD) was 3.179 {\textpm} 0.436, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were 0.967, 0.966 and 0.976, respectively, inter-item coloration was 0.719, the item-total coloration \>0.7, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 value if deleted was \>0.97. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of sampling adequacy was 0.941 and Bartlett{\textquoteright}s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was \<0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions were \>0.58, the related components were one of the rotated component matrix \>0.59 of all 16 questions in component 1 as suggested. They were established by confirmatory with statistically significant (p\<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot, pathway analysis and fit with the original survey. The confirmatory factor index was 0.862, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was 0.841, Goodness of fit index (GFI) was 0.906 and Expected cross validation index (ECVI) was 3.270. The collinearity of 16 questions was the auto-correlation was 0.066 with not statically significant (p=0.317). The majority of 16 questions had Enjuone value close to number 1, while 3 questions only had condition index more than 30. All of the 16 questions had The Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 and had tolerance more than 0.1. Conclusion: The pharmacist survey knowledge of evidence-based medicine resources for pharmacy practice and distributed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia had high reliability and validity scale level. The pharmacy researcher can utilized surveys with an adequate number of sample sizes with further research in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {EBM, Knowledge, Pharmacy, Reliability, Research, Resources, Saudi Arabia, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ebtissam Mohammad Badawoud} } @article {169, title = {Reliability and Validity of Pharmacy Research Knowledge Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {66-75}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {66}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare reliability and validity of pharmacy research knowledge survey in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the researcher team. It{\textquoteright}s based on the updated literature and national and international accreditation standards organizations. The internal consistency reliability through, inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, split half reliability (Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6), McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω and Cronbach alpha. The validity contained of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52\%). The among responders were males 108 (61.77\%) and females 101 (48.33\%). The three tests had been done with reliability of 21 questions. The completed number of responders (188) (mean{\textpm}SD) was 3.179 {\textpm} 0.436 and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were 0.983, 0.983 and 0.988, respectively with CI 95\% (0.979-0.986) and the item-total coloration \>0.7, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 value if deleted was \>0.98. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was (0.966) and Bartlett{\textquoteright}s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was \<0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions were \>0.583, the related components were one with the rotated component matrix \>0.763 of all 21 questions in component 1 as suggested. They were established by confirmatory with statistically significant (p\<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot, pathway analysis and fit with the original survey. The confirmatory factor index was 0.878, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was 0.865, Goodness of fit index (GFI) was 0.862 and Expected cross validation index (ECVI) 5.101. The collinearity of 21 questions was the auto-correlation was 0.010 with not statically significant (p=0.816). The majority of 21 question had Enjuone value had close to number 1, while 12 questions only had condition index more than 30. All 16 of the questions had the Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 and had tolerance more than 0.1. Conclusion: The reliability and validity of the pharmacy research knowledge survey in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were high. The researcher can use it in the future with the same goal and acceptable sample size.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Pharmacy, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Survey, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Adel Sadeq} } @article {162, title = {Reliability and Validity of Pharmacy Research Proposal Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {33-40}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {33}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore reliability and validity of pharmacy research proposal survey in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the researcher team. It{\textquoteright}s based on the updated literature, national and international accreditation standards organizations. The internal consistency reliability through, inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, split half reliability (Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6), McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω and Cronbach alpha. The validity consisted of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP) Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52\%). The among responders were males 108 (61.77\%) and females 101 (48.33\%). The three tests had been done of reliability of 17 questions of responders (204). The tests mean{\textpm}SD was 3.788 {\textpm} 0.163, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were 0.975, 0.975 and 0.987, respectively and inter-item coloration was 0.705. The item-total coloration \>0.7, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 value if deleted was \>0.97. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was 0.954 and Bartlett{\textquoteright}s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was \<0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions was \>0.7, the related components were two with the rotated component matrix \>0.7 of all 17 questions in components 1 and 2 as suggested. They were confirmed by confirmatory with statistically significant (p\<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot, pathway analysis and fit with the original survey. The confirmatory factor index was 0.871, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was 0.853, Goodness of fit index (GFI) was 0.912, Expected cross validation index (ECVI) was 4.299. The collinearity of 17 questions was auto-correlation was 0.058 with not statically significant (p=0.403). The majority of 17 questions had Enjuone value had close to number 1, while 7 questions only had condition index less than 30. Most of questions had the Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 except 4 questions, while only 4 questions had tolerance less than 0.1. Conclusion: The reliability and validity of a survey about knowledge of pharmacy proposals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were high. The pharmacist in pharmacy research practice can utilize the survey in the future.

}, keywords = {Pharmacy, Proposal, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Survey, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Adel Sadeq} } @article {172, title = {Reliability for Pharmacy Projects and Research: A New Initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {79-81}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare reliability for pharmacy projects and research used in the pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project reliability for pharmacy projects and research programs. The projects drove international reliability guidelines and the global business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initial plan is written through project management professionals and consisted of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The reliability of pharmacy projects and research services that defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical, on the healthcare system, as described in the review-the continuation of the services assured by risk management elements description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the projects as illustrated. The transition to operation project though the closing project stage shown in the analysis. Conclusion: The reliability of pharmacy projects and research services is a new initiative project in pharmacy practice. There various tools of authenticity can be started implemented during pharmacy data collection; it is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Pharmacy, Projects, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {164, title = {The Validity of the Pharmacy Projects and Research: A New Initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {41-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {41}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the validity tools used in the pharmacy practice project or research in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project of the validity of pharmacy projects and research. The projects drove the international validity guidelines, the global business model and pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initial project is written through project management professionals and contained of several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase, the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The validity of the pharmacy projects and research services that defined vision, mission and goals. The services had multiple benefits, including clinical and economical on the healthcare system, as described in the review. The continuation of the services assured by risk management elements description. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the projects as illustrated. The transition to operation project though the closing project stage shown in the analysis. Conclusion: The validity of pharmacy projects and research is a new initiative project in pharmacy quality management and pharmacy research tools. Various methods of validation procedure services can be underway in the pharmacy practice to validate the appropriate and collection of the pharmacy data and it is highly suggested in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Pharmacy, Projects, Research, Saudi Arabia, Services, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Basmah Sulimain AlHamdan} } @article {139, title = {Analysis of Antimicrobial Medication Consumption in Intensive Care Unit, North West (Tabuk) Region Hospitals, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {119-123}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Objectives: This article describes antimicrobial medication use among different age groups and the cost associated with it in intensive care units at North West (Tabuk) hospitals, Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study to explore the antimicrobial medication use in intensive care units at North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 12-month antimicrobial drug use by intensive care units at North West region hospitals which included critical care for adults, pediatrics and neonates. The medications selected by Central Antibiotics committee at MOH as part of the National Antimicrobial Stewardship program. The consumption was driven from pharmacy database and calculated based on off standard unit of antimicrobials per hospital. The antimicrobials consisted of antibacterial drugs, antifungal and antiviral medications. The cost of antimicrobial consumption was calculated by using the Ministry of Health National Cost database. All cost used were as US currency. Results: The total number of antimicrobial standard units were (14,305) and average (2,861) per hospital. The highest drug consumption was Ceftriaxone 1 gm injection (2724) followed by Imipenem 500 mg injection (1251) and Vancomycin 500 injection (1165). The total cost of Antimicrobial consumption was (53,884.95 USD) and (10,777 USD) per each hospital. The highest cost medication consumption from Adults critical care 73.42\% (39,562.33 USD) followed by pediatrics critical care 18.15\% (9,779.93 USD) and Neonates critical care 8.43\% (4,542.68 USD). The highest medication cost was very broad-spectrum antibiotics like Meropenem, Imipenem and Ceftriaxone. It consumed more than 50\% of the cost burden. Conclusion: This study is the first in Saudi Arabia, Gulf and Middle East countries. Health system pharmacist leaders are targeting to implement the antimicrobial stewardship program and National Drug Utilization Evaluation system to control unnecessary medication expenditure and prevent misuse of medicines.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Medications, Ministry of Health, Patient, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Ghormallah Abdullah Alghamdi and Samira Ali Asiri} } @article {141, title = {Analysis of Antimicrobial Medications Consumption in Inpatient Units at North West (Tabuk) Region Hospitals, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {130-134}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {130}, abstract = {

Background: This article aims to explore antimicrobial medication consumption and related cost among different age groups in inpatient units at North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, and Saudi Arabia. Objectives: To explore the selected antimicrobial medication consumption in inpatient units at North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. To increase the awareness of antimicrobial medication consumption side effect. Methods: It is a 9-month study about antimicrobial drug use by inpatients at North West region hospitals. It included inpatient department for adults, pediatrics and neonates. The medications were selected by Central Antibiotics committee at MOH as part of the National Antimicrobial Stewardship program. The consumption is driven from pharmacy database and calculated based on off-stranded unit of antimicrobial per hospital. The antimicrobials consisted of antibacterial drugs, antifungal and antiviral medications. The cost of antimicrobial consumption was calculated by using Ministry of Health National Cost database. All cost used as US currency. Results: The total number of Antimicrobial standard units was (25,845) and average (5,169) per hospital. The highest drug consumption was Ceftriaxone 1 gm injection (3,712) followed by Ceftazidime 1 gm injection (1807) and Gentamicin IV 80 mg (1,011) at adult{\textquoteright}s inpatient wards. The total cost of Antimicrobial consumption was (6,829,003.42 USD) and (1,365,800.68 USD) per hospital. The highest cost medication consumption from Adults inpatient departments was 99.62\% (6,803,229.92 USD) followed by pediatrics inpatient 0.24\% (16,087.6 USD) and Neonatal inpatient departments 0.14\% (9,685.9 USD). The highest medication cost was for very broad-spectrum antibiotics like Meropenem, Imipenem and Ceftriaxone. It consumed more than 50\% of the cost burden. Conclusion: There was very high consumption of antimicrobial drugs inpatient department with huge cost burden. Urgent application of antimicrobial stewardship program especially adults{\textquoteright} inpatients departments is a mandate and urgent.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Consumption, Hospitals, Inpatient, Medications, Ministry of Health, North West (Tabuk), Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.24}, author = {Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghormallah Abdullah Alghamdi and Rasha Saad Alshahrani} } @article {138, title = {Analysis of Pharmacy Practice Factors on Pharmacy Career Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {113-118}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore analysis of pharmacy practice factors on pharmacist career satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross section survey of analysis of pharmacy services factors on pharmacist career satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 44 questions divided into twopart demographic information and the second part was the questions about pharmacy services units of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management structure, dispensing and patient education, clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy technology, pharmacy store and overall job satisfaction. The 5-points Likert response scale system closed and ended questions were used. The survey was made as an electronic format and it analyzed through survey monkey system. Results: The total responders were 242. The gender distribution 169 (70.7\%) was male and 70 (29.3\%) was female. The majority of them 202 (84.2\%) were in age group (20-39) years. The average pharmacist satisfaction score of pharmacy management structure was (3.07), clinical pharmacy activities was (3.08). The average pharmacist satisfaction of pharmacy informatics was (2.78) and patient counselling satisfaction was (3.83). The average pharmacist satisfaction score of pharmacy store factors were (2.87) and the overall job satisfaction was (3.61). Conclusion: The low level of pharmacy services with an emphasis on information technology and pharmacy inventory management affected pharmacist job satisfaction. Those factors increase pharmacist workload and dissatisfactory in pharmacy job.

}, keywords = {Career, Factors, Job, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Practice, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.21}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig Rph and Budoor Emad Aloumi and Reem Saad Alsubaie and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi} } @article {135, title = {Antimicrobial Drug Consumption in Ambulatory Care Settings, Tabuk Region, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {97-101}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Objectives: During the 21st century, Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the principal public health problems worldwide. In the coming 20 years, health care systems may be incapable to treat bacterial diseases proficiently due to this miracle. We analyzed data from the North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia to determine the level of knowledge regarding drug consumption among patients attending five hospitals in ambulatory care settings. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at North West Region Hospitals in Tabuk city, Saudi Arabia for 9 months. The study contestants were selected from different outpatient departments. National Antimicrobial stewardship program highly demand at our country because of poor insight of antibiotics and misappropriation of antibiotics and poor adherence of antibiotics guidelines. Antibiotic consumption is driven from pharmacy database and calculated based on stranded unit of antimicrobial per each hospital. The total cost expenditure of antimicrobial drug consumption was calculated by Ministry of Health National Cost database. The predictable cost expressed in USD. All data and variables analyzed by Microsoft Excel program version 10. Results: The number of antimicrobial drug consumption in ambulatory care settings in the Saudi Arabia were 25,116 i.e. average 5,023.2 per hospital respectively. The highest drug consumption at all ambulatory care visits were azithromycin tablet (10,932), followed by azithromycin syrup (7,760) and moxifloxacin tablet (3218). The overall antimicrobial consumption was 37,620.12 USD and 7,524.02 USD per each hospital. The overall cost medication consumption were adults ambulatory care departments 69.42\% (26,114.79 USD), followed by pediatrics ambulatory care departments 24.52\% (9,226.018 USD) and neonates ambulatory care departments 6.06\% (2,279.32 USD). The highest medication cost was very broad-spectrum antibiotics like Levofloxacin, Linezolid PO IV and Moxifloxacin PO. It disbursed more than 50\% of the cost burden. Conclusion: Our results exposed a very high obliviousness of antimicrobial drug consumption and its contributing factors among the study contestants. Ambulatory care settings had a high consumption of antimicrobial drugs with burden cost. Thus, health education and responsiveness are highly and instantly suggested to address antimicrobial drug consumption and related resistances in the Tabuk area at ambulatory care settings. Antimicrobial stewardship program at Ambulatory care clinics is necessary to prevent bugs related resistance, improve patient outcome and avoid unnecessary cost on hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ambulatory care clinics, Antimicrobial, Consumption, Hospitals, North West (Tabuk), Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.18}, author = {Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghormallah Abdullah Alghamdi} } @article {137, title = {Antimicrobial Drug Consumption in Emergency Services at North West (Tabuk) Region Hospitals, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {108-112}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {108}, abstract = {

Objectives: This article describes antimicrobial medication use among different age groups and the cost associated with it in emergency department at Northern West (Tabuk) hospitals, Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study to declare the antimicrobial medication use in emergency Units at North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 12-month antimicrobial drug consumption by emergency services at North West region hospitals. It included all adults, pediatrics and neonatal population. The medications were selected by Central Antibiotics committee at MOH as part of the National Antimicrobial Stewardship program. The consumption is driven from pharmacy database and calculated based on off stranded unit of antimicrobial per hospital. The cost of antibiotics consumption was calculated by using Ministry of Health National Cost database. All cost used was as US currency. Results: The total number of Antimicrobial standard units at Emergency departments were (8,805.00) with average (1,761.00) per hospital. The highest general drug consumption was Azithromycin PO 200 mg/15 ml (4253) and Ceftriaxone IV 1 g (805) and Gentamicin IV 80 mg (401) at Emergency departments. The total cost of antimicrobial consumption was (24,822.60 USD) and (4,964.52 USD) per hospital. The highest cost medication consumption from Adults Emergency departments was 59.85\% (24,822.60 USD) followed by pediatrics Emergency departments 28.99\% (7,197.03 USD) and Neonates Emergency departments of 11.16\% (2,769.98 USD). The highest medication cost was for very broad-spectrum antibiotics like Meropenem IV, Azithromycin PO and Moxifloxacin IV. It consumed more than 60 \% of the cost burden. Conclusion: The Emergency department had a high consumption of antimicrobial drugs with burden cost. Antimicrobial stewardship program at Emergency services are necessary to prevent bugs related resistance, improve patient outcome and avoid necessary additional economic burden on healthcare system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Consumption, Emergency, Hospitals, North West (Tabuk), Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.20}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Ghormallah Abdullah Alghamdi and Nora Ali Abboud} } @article {116, title = {The Clinical Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions at Critical Care Services of Private Hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {16-19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {16}, abstract = {

Objective: Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group (HMG) of Hospitals is one of the largest private chains of hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. At HMG, the clinical pharmacy services were started in 2015 which provides services to the acute and chronic cases of neonates, pediatrics and adults. In this study, we aimed to explore the clinical and economic outcomes of providing clinical pharmacy services at critical care units at a private hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This was a 6-month cross-sectional study conducted from January to June 2016 at the critical care unit of HMG involving adult patients. The critical care unit has 30 beds dedicated to the treatment of trauma, medical, surgical and maternity patients. The clinical pharmacist monitors all patients through daily medical rounds and documents any intervention that needs to be provided to the patient. The pharmacist intervention system utilized an international study model, a measure of the level of activity, rational of clinical intervention, recommendation and patient outcome. Results: A total number of 1222 pharmacist interventions were provided to 1124 adult patients. The highest number of critical care interventions were found to be potentially significant (610 (49.9\%)) followed by potentially serious (360 (29.5\%)) and neutral (249 (20.4\%)) cases. Anti-infective medications (185 (25.9\%)) were the most category of intervention provided followed by cardiovascular medications (96 (13.5\%)) and gastro-intestinal medications (73 (10.2\%)). The documented rationale of clinical intervention activities was others (203 (28.7\%)), inappropriate dose (122 (17.3\%)) and therapeutic duplication ((99 (14\%)). Most of the patient outcomes were unknown (539 (44.1\%)) followed by patient condition improved (408 (33.4\%)) and therapeutic endpoint reached (133 (10.9\%)). Conclusion: The clinical pharmacy services at critical care units of a private hospital is a significant and essential component for patients care. The clinical pharmacist prevents the occurrence of drug-related problems in addition to saving additional economic burden on the healthcare system at HMG in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical outcomes, Critical care services, Interventions, Pharmacist, Private hopsital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal El-Bahnasawi and Mohammed Kamran and Tasneen Shaweesh and Soha Alhaj} } @article {140, title = {Communication and Relationships Factors of Pharmacy Career Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {124-129}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Objectives: This article describes the overall job satisfaction of pharmacists working in Saudi Arabia by exploring their communication and relationship with supervisors and patients. The aim of this study to declare the communications and relationship factors of Pharmacist Job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-months cross section survey of communication and relationship factors on Pharmacist Job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of forty-three questions divided into two-part demographic information and the second part was the questions about communication and relationships factors of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy supervisors, relationship with coworkers and pharmacist interaction with other healthcare providers, the customer interaction and overall job satisfaction. Results: The total responders were two hundred and forty-two. The gender distribution 169 (70.7\%) was male and 70 (29.3\%) was female. The majority of them 202 (84.2\%) were in age (20-39). The average satisfaction score of pharmacy supervisors{\textquoteright} factors was (3.0), pharmacist interaction with other healthcare providers{\textquoteright} factors was (3.34) while the customer interaction was (2.81) and the pharmacist relationship with coworkers was (3.67). Most of the pharmacist found the challenges at their job were (77.6\%). Some responders wished to change their pharmacy career (43.75\%) while (61.66\%) liked to stay in the pharmacy field. The overall job satisfaction scores were (3.61). Conclusion: Most of the pharmacists not satisfied with their job because of the supervisor relationship and non-existent patient education services. The pharmacy supervisors of hospital pharmacies demanded management tools and communication skills with their colleagues. In addition, patient counselling program should be implemented at healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Career, Communication, Factors, Pharmacy, Relationships, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig and Saima Qaism and Khurram Shahzad and Budoor Emad Aloumi and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Reem Saad Alsubaie} } @article {146, title = {Cost Analysis of Delivery Adult Medication Therapy Services at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S1-S3}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S1}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the cost analysis of drug delivery therapy services for adults{\textquoteright} population at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia by using American Model with local cost. Methods: It is a cross-sectional 6-months analysis of drug distribution services for adult patients conducted in 2016. It was at 300-bed maternity and pediatrics hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The cost calculated adults drug therapy management services delivered to 144 beds. The physician prescribed the medications. The pharmacist reviewed and prepared drugs and distributed through the unit dose system, floor stock distribution and discharge medication services. The fast-moving oral and topical medications were included in the study. The cost model was calculated based on variable expenses including personal cost, material and supply cost. The fixed cost was including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All cost was used of US dollar currency and local prices. Results: The estimated cost of drug delivery therapy services for all total number adults{\textquoteright} beds per day was (1,191.965 USD). It contained three types; the unit dose system (761.35 USD), drug floor stock distribution system (334.99 USD) and discharge medication system (95.62 USD). The cost of delivery of medicines to single bed per day was (13.99 USD) with the highest estimated cost of delivery from discharge medication (6.37 USD), followed by unit dose services (5.29 USD) and floor stock therapy (2.33 USD). The total estimated annual expenditures of drug distribution services were (435,067.15 USD). Conclusion: In this adults medication therapy services cost-estimation the first study was conducted at MOH in Saudi Arabia. It is an essential necessary element of the Pharmacoeconomic program and implements Saudi{\textquoteright}s future vision 2030 for drug therapy health care services.

}, keywords = {Adult, Cost, Delivery, Distrubution, Medication, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Services, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.28}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Tahani Alotaibi} } @article {149, title = {Cost Analysis of Neonatal Drug Distribution Services at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S17-S19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S17}, abstract = {

Objectives: The cost estimation of delivery of drug therapy management (unit dose, floor stock and discharge) for neonatal inpatient is a part of the pharmacoeconomic program and changing the system to the Saudi vision 2030 at MOH in Saudi Arabia. The study explored the cost calculations of delivery of drug therapy services for neonate{\textquoteright}s population by using American Model with local cost. Methods: It is cross-sectional 6-months analysis of drug distribution services for neonate patients conducted in 2016. It was at 300-Bed Maternity and Pediatrics Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The cost analysis consisted of three domains. Domain one; the cost of delivery of Adults drug therapy management with 144 beds. Domain two; the cost of delivery of pediatrics drug treatment services with 55 beds. Domain three; cost of delivery for neonate{\textquoteright}s therapy services with 82 beds. For each domain, the physician prescribed the medications. The pharmacist reviewed and prepared drugs and distributed through unit dose system, floor stock distribution and discharge medications. The nurse administered drugs and followed up with doctors. The drugs were prepared through ASHP standards and facilities. The oral and topical ready to deliver drugs were included in the study while sterile product and compounding formulations were excluded from the study. The cost was derived from Ministry of Health information database. The cost model was calculated based on variable expenses including personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All cost was used US dollar currency and local prices. This study analyses the three domains. Results: The estimated daily cost of neonatal unit dose drug distribution system for all total pediatrics 82 beds was (1,303.31 US). It contained three types; the unit dose system (794.83 USD), drug floor stock distribution system (371.37 USD) and discharge medication system (137.11 USD). The cost of delivery of medicines to single bed per day was (41.64 USD) with highest estimated cost of delivery from discharge medication (27.42 USD), followed by unit dose services (9.69 USD) and floor stock therapy (4.53 USD). The majority of cost came from overhead cost in floor stock services and discharge medication delivery; while the personal cost in unit dose services delivery. The total estimated annual expenditures of drug distribution services were (475,708.15 USD). Conclusion: The estimated cost of delivery of neonatal medication therapy is a part of the pharmacoeconomic program at pharmacy services and future vision 2030 in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Analysis, Cost, Distribution, Drug, Ministry of Health, Neonatal, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.32}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Tahani Alotaibi and Awatif Faraj Alshammari and Nouf Alhaze} } @article {150, title = {Cost of Pediatrics Drug Therapy Services at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S9-S11}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S9}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the estimation cost of delivery drug therapy services for pediatrics by using American Model with local cost in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-sectional 6-months analysis of drug distribution services for pediatric conducted in 2016. It was at 300-bed maternity and pediatrics Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The cost was calculated pediatrics drug therapy management services delivered to 55 beds. The physician prescribed the medications. The pharmacist reviewed and prepared drugs and distributed through unit dose system, floor stock distribution and discharge medications services. The medications were prepared through ASHP standards and facilities. The fast moving oral and topical medications were included in the study. The cost model was calculated based on variable expenses including personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed cost was including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All cost was used of US dollar currency and local prices. Results: The estimated cost of delivery of drug therapy services for all total number pediatrics beds per day was (1,214.68 USD). It consisted of three types; the unit dose system (771.89 USD), drug floor stock distribution system (350.32 USD) and discharge medication services (92.47 USD). The majority of cost came from overhead cost in floor stock services and discharge medication delivery; compared to the personal cost in unit dose services delivery. The total estimated annual expenditures of Drug distribution services were (443,358.20 USD). The highest budget expenditures from unit dose services 63.55\% (281,739.85 USD), followed by floor stock medication delivery 28.84\% (127,866.80 USD) and discharge drug therapy 7.61\% (33,751.55 USD). Conclusion: The estimation cost of delivery pediatrics drug therapy is the first study in the Middle East, Gulf countries and Saudi Arabia. It is basic element of cost calculation of pediatrics-related health care services.

}, keywords = {Cost, Drug, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Services, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.30}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Tahani Alotaibi and Awatif Faraj Alshammari and Nouf Alhaze} } @article {148, title = {Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Medication Safety Program at Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, East Province, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S12-S16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S12}, abstract = {

Objectives: Medication safety program initiated at East Province of Ministry of Health in 2013. The pharmacist prevents all drug related problems. To improve continuity of care at hospital admission, discharge and to diminution medication errors medication safety programs are established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the Medication Safety program at the hospital in East province, Saudi Arabia by using International Study Model. Methods: This cross-sectional study with a 12-month recruitment period was conducted in a 500-bed Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital through preventing and documentation of medication errors in adults and pediatrics at Ministry of Health hospitals in 2015. The hospital had medication safety officer with medication safety committee. The program led by trained pharmacist and delivered basic patient safety in medical education to all healthcare professionals. The expected cost calculated using International Study Model, expressed in United State Dollars (USD), the cost measured were the expected results of medication errors outcome if not stopped; starting from ambulatory care visit or community pharmacy, additional laboratory test, hospital or critical care admission or even death complications. Results: The total number of prevented medication errors were 2071 at 827 prescribed to 827 patients with an estimated cost avoidance of avoiding medication was (116,228.41 USD) annually. The most estimated cost avoidance was prescriber related and general errors was 99.12\% (115.201.9 USD). The pharmacist avoided medication errors with estimated cost avoidance of drug related problem (140.54 USD) per each prescription and (56.12 USD) per error. The most common categories of medications cost avoidance were Musculoskeletal and joint disease (8,397.2 USD) followed by Infections (5,731.17 USD) and Nutrition class (4,717.99 USD). The highest drug of cost avoidance were Insulin injection (39,964.32 USD), iron tablet (11,526.9 USD) folic acid tablet (11,526.9 USD) and calcium tablet (11,526.9 USD) and Enoxaparin injection (9,637.02 USD). There were three high-risk medication founded with Insulin, Enoxaparin and Heparin errors with (42.9\%) of annual total cost avoidance. Conclusion: Medication safety program is a cost-efficiency replication at Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in Saudi Arabia, prevents medication misadventures, improve patient safety and education. Growing drug safety program related with preventing drug-related problems and cost avoidance replication for Healthcare improvement, better care and better patient consequences.

}, keywords = {Cost, Efficiency, Medication, Ministry of Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.31}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Ahmad Alanazi and Mohammed Mohsen Almaznai and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} } @article {151, title = {Cost-efficiency of Clinical Pharmacy Services at Ministry of Health Hospital, Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S20-S22}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S20}, abstract = {

Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to estimate cost-efficiency of clinical pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia by using American model. Methods: This is a simulation study which includes data of all 5 months of providing clinical pharmacy services for adults organized by local drug information center at biggest public hospital in Riyadh city. Ten clinical pharmacists and expert trained pharmacists provided clinical pharmacy services at the hospital including drug information services, poisoning control services, therapeutic drug monitoring services, orthopedic services, oncology services, Pharmacoeconomical services and pain management services. All pharmacists should document the clinical pharmacy activities on a monthly basis. The estimated cost avoidance was calculated by using two International Studies Models, expressed in US dollars (USDs). The cost considered were the expected results of drug-related inquiries, poisoning information calls if not resolved and pharmacist intervention for all other clinical pharmacy services. Results: The total average estimated monthly cost avoidance from all clinical services (17,554,931.46 USD) with cumulative cost avoidance was 65,830,992.97 USD during the study period. The estimated total cost avoidance annually was 210,659,177.52 USD. The highest cost avoidance came from poisoning services, whose estimated cost avoidance was 61.8\% (9,110,026.40 USD) followed by drug information services, whose estimated cost avoidance was 26.8\% (4,711,273.50 USD) and other clinical pharmacy services, whose estimated cost avoidance was 11.4\% (2,006,444.63 USD). Each USD invested in the clinical pharmacist estimated cost avoidance was an average of 28.76 USD. Each USD invested in the clinical pharmacist provides poisoning control services estimated cost avoidance was an average of 17.77 USD and each USD invested in the clinical pharmacist provide drug information services estimated cost avoidance was an average of 7.7 USD. Conclusion: The clinical pharmacy services had a very high economic impact on the healthcare system in the local public hospital. In the future, we are targeting to expand the clinical pharmacy services to prevent drug-related cost in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical pharmacy, Cost-efficiency, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.33}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Faiz A. Bahadig} } @article {147, title = {Cost-Efficiency of Medication Safety Program at Public Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S4-S8}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S4}, abstract = {

Objectives: Medication safety program started at Riyadh city of Ministry of Health in 2014. Identifying, resolving and preventing drug therapy problems are the unique contributions of the pharmaceutical care practitioner. The research aimed to estimate cost-efficiency of Medication Safety program at the hospital in East province, Saudi Arabia by using American model of pharmacist intervention cost avoidance. Methods: This cross-sectional study with a 9-month recruitment period was conducted in a 300-bed public hospital through preventing and documentation of medication errors in adults and pediatrics at Ministry of Health hospitals in 2015. The program led by trained pharmacist and delivered basic patient safety in medical education to all healthcare professionals. The predictable cost calculated using International Study Model, expressed in USD, the cost measured were the expected results of medication errors outcome if not stopped; starting from physician visit, additional laboratory test, further treatment, hospital admission and critical care admission to death stage. Results: The total number of prevented medication errors were 3,378 at 805 prescribed to 805 patients with an estimated cost avoidance of avoiding medication errors was (98,195.97 USD) for the study period and (10,910 USD) per month. The pharmacist avoided medication errors with estimated cost avoidance of drugrelated problem (29 USD) per each mistake and (122 USD) per prescription and patient. The most type inquiries estimated cost avoidance was prescribing stage 86,939.05 USD (99.86\%), followed by drugrelated errors 7,061.26 USD (7.2\%) and dosage form-related errors 6,084.98 USD (6.2\%). The highest drug of cost avoidance were Musculoskeletal and joint disease (8,397.2 USD) followed by Infections (5,731.17 USD) and Nutrition (4,717.99 USD), while the largest drug of cost avoidance was Paracetamol Injection (5,812.17 USD), followed by oral Ferrous Sulfate (3,562.79 USD) and Ceftriaxone 1g (2,861.70 USD). Conclusion: Medication safety program is a cost-efficiency simulation at the public hospital in Saudi Arabia, prevents medication disasters, improve patient safety. Increasing drug safety program associated with preventing drug-related problems and cost avoidance simulation for Healthcare development and better care and better patient consequences.

}, keywords = {Cost-efficiency, Hospital, Medication, Ministry of Health, Public, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.29}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mona Awad Alanazi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} } @article {123, title = {Drug Evaluation Steps of Ministry of Health Drug Formulary in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {8-15}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Objective: To illustrate the Drug Evaluation Steps of Ministry of Health Drug Formulary at Health care institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is description analysis of Drug Evaluation Steps of drug information service at the Ministry of Health of Health institutions. The modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure used in the report. Results: The Drug Evaluation Steps established with a defined vision, mission and goals. The system human or economic and other resources described in the review. The risk management was discussed to assure the continuation of the system. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the system as illustrated. The closing stage with convention to operation project demonstrated in the analysis. Conclusion: The drug evaluation steps system implemented and it is considered as part of the health care system and drug information centers regulations. The drug evaluation Steps needs the continuous updating accordingly at all Ministry of Health strategic planning in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Drug Evaluation, Drug Formulary, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Steps}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.3}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {152, title = {The Economic Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions at Critical Care Services of Private Hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S23-S34}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S23}, abstract = {

Objectives: The study aims to explore the economic outcomes of the clinical pharmacist at critical care units at a private hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia in a 6 month study and prevent additional medication costs. Methods: It was a 6-months cross-sectional study from January to June 2016 in adults critical care unit. It was a thirty-bed critical care bed consisting of trauma, medical, surgical and maternity critical care cases. The pharmacist monitored all patients through daily medical round and documents any pharmacist intervention. The pharmacist intervention system used an international study model, measure level of activity, rational of clinical intervention, recommendation, patient outcome and pharmacoeconomic impact related estimated cost avoidance. Results: The total number of pharmacist interventions were (1,222) provided to (1,124) patients. The complete cost avoidance from pharmacist intervention over the study period was (220,882.10 UD) while over one year was (441,764.2 USD). The highest cost avoidance of critical care interventions was from potentially significant 51.00\% (102,581.78 USD) and potentially serious 32.28\% (99,162.29 USD). The majority of cost avoidance came from anti-infective agents (73,408.95 USD) followed by nutrition and blood agents (61,182.97 USD) and cardiovascular medications (27,584.52 USD). The most rational clinical activities cost avoidance was from others type (102,168.44 USD) followed by inappropriate dose (30,504.16 USD) and TPN consultations (25,313.99 USD). The most patient outcome related to cost avoidance was patient condition improved (120,036.38 USD) followed by unknown outcomes (47,067.85 USD) and laboratory values improved (21,661.55 USD). The most pharmacoeconomic cost avoidance impact was a reduction in the cost drug therapy 79.94\% (163,747.96 USD) and the patient length of hospital stay decreased 1.15\% (32,846.49 USD). Conclusion: The critical care clinical pharmacist prevent the additional cost of drugrelated problems occurrences and economic burden on the healthcare system at a private hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Expanding clinical pharmacist at critical care services is highly recommended to all private hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Critical care services, Economic outcomes, Interventions, Pharmacist, Private hopsital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.34}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal El-Bahnasawi and Alaa Elemam and Tasneem Shaweesh and Edmarie Janine Antonio} } @article {154, title = {The Economic Outcomes of Pharmacist Interventions in Total Parenteral Nutrition Services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S40-S49}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S40}, abstract = {

Objectives: There are several problems and complications related to the Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) services. The pharmacist plays a crucial role in preventing these problems. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess the economic outcomes of pharmacist intervention in cost avoidance related to TPN services at a public hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Cohort prospective analysis of data collected regarding pharmacist intervention in TPN services provided to neonates, pediatrics and adult patients was performed. TPN services were provided 8 hr in a day and 7 days in a week. The study site was a 300-bed public hospital at the Ministry of Health (MOH) in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacist reviews and prepares TPN and he pharmacist documents any or all TPN-related problems before the preparation of TPN or after dispensing it. The pharmacist uses an International Study Model to measure level of activity and provides rational of clinical intervention, recommendation, patient outcome, impact of pharmacoeconomics and related cost analysis. Results: The pharmacist identified a total of 402 TPN-related problems. The total number of TPN services provided was 394 prescribed to 82 patients. Of these, 209 (51.99\%) and 193 (48.01\%) interventions were provided to males and females, respectively. The total cost avoidance from pharmacist intervention in 1 year was 578,926.89 USD. The highest cost avoidance of TPN interventions was recorded for potentially significant (54.90\%; 100,040.91 USD) and potentially serious problems (33.33\%; 244,696.83 USD). The maximum cost avoidance in the case of rational clinical activities was recorded for TPN consultations (325,695.76 USD) followed by incompatibility (275,802.66) and inappropriate route (189,912.34 USD). The maximum cost avoidance related to patient outcome was recorded for patient condition improved (489,830.93 USD) and laboratory value improved (89,095.96). The maximum pharmacoeconomic cost avoidance impact was the patient duration of hospital stay decreased (226; 332,220.70 USD) and reduction in the drug therapy monitoring (246,227.15 USD). Conclusion: The clinical pharmacist responsible for TPN services plays an essential role in preventing TPN-related problems and avoid the unnecessary economic burden on the healthcare system. Expanding the role TPN clinical pharmacist is highly recommended for all TPN services to reduce the economic burden on healthcare system in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Economic outcome, Ministry of Health, Pharmacist Intervention, Saudi Arabia, Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.36}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Aisha Omar Fallatah and Faiz A. Bahadig and Amjad Ahmad AL Qahtani} } @article {153, title = {Economic Outcomes of Pharmacist Prescribing Total Parenteral Nutrition at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S35-S39}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S35}, abstract = {

Objectives: In 2013, The General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care started the National Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) Program in Saudi Arabia. The pharmacist can provide neonates{\textquoteright} TPN services. In this study, we aimed to estimate the economic outcomes and cost avoidance in relation to pharmacist prescribing TPN. Methods: A total of 20 hospitals provide TPN services for neonates, pediatrics and adult patients. Cost avoidance stimulation in relation to the pharmacist prescribing and running neonates, pediatrics TPN services and replacement physician of a pharmacist as prescriber with adults TPN services. All costs were calculated by using US dollar currency. One-way sensitivity analysis was conducted for a list of discount prices and variety of wage cost with 10{\textendash}20\%. Results: The total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist by providing TPN services for 20 hospitals for all types of patients was (1,569,865.40 USD) and with a discount of 10-20\%, it was (1,412,878.86-1,255,892.32 USD). Of those, the total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist providing the TPN services for 20 hospitals for neonates was (562,027.40 USD) and with discount of 10-20\%, it was (505,824.66- 449,621.92 USD). The total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist providing the TPN services for 20 hospitals for adults was (523,337.00 USD) and with discount of 10-20\%, it was (471,003.30- 418,669.60 USD). The total annual estimated cost avoidance of pharmacist providing the TPN services for 20 hospitals for pediatrics was (484,501.00 USD) and with a discount of 10-20\%, it was (436,050.90- 387,600.80 USD). Conclusion: The pharmacist prescribing TPN prevents high economic burden on the healthcare system at Ministry of Health. Expanding the role of a pharmacist in the nutrition support services with an emphasis on prescribing TPN services is highly recommended at healthcare institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cost avoidance, Economic, Ministry of Health, Outcomes, Pharmacist, Prescribing, Saudi Arabia, Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.35}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mona Awad Alanazi and Faiz A. Bahadig} } @article {132, title = {Factors (gender, age, social status, and income) affecting the satisfaction of pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {88-92}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {88}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore if the factors (gender, age, social status and income) affect the job satisfaction of pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross sectional survey regarding the impact of stress factors on job satisfaction of a pharmacist in Saudi Arabia. The survey questionnaire consisted of 35 questions divided into two parts: first part collected demographic information and the second part consisted on various sections. Section one collected information about stress factors in pharmacy job. Section two collected information about service units of the pharmacy job. Section three collected information about communication and relationship factors of a pharmacy job. Factors affected the Pharmacy practice, stress-related job and communication and relationships sections of pharmacist job satisfactions including gender, age, social status, academic qualifications and income. The questionnaire was prepared in an electronic format and the data were analyzed through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 242 participants responded to the questionnaire. Of them, 214 (91.8\%) were Saudi and 33 (8.2\%) were non-Saudi professionals. Male responders were more than female responders (169 (70.7\%) and 70 (29.3\%), respectively). The majority of the responders (202 (84.2\%)) were in the age group of 20{\textendash}39 years. Females disagreed management policies more than that of males; males worked on many weekends and on holidays with significant differences when compared with females (p\<0.05). Responders in the age group of 30{\textendash}39 years strongly agreed to perform excessive work than those in the age group of 20{\textendash}29 years, which was found to be significant (p\<0.05). Both males and females wished to continue to work in the pharmacy field, which was not significantly different (p\>0.05). There is no significant difference between male and female with all level of salary and type work with payment or the salary resemble of other organizations (p\>0.05). Conclusion: Different factors were found to negatively and positively affect the job satisfaction of a pharmacist. Gender and age were found to affect job satisfaction significantly. These differences should be considered before interpreting the results of pharmacist job satisfaction. We recommend to improve the job satisfaction of pharmacists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Factors, Job, Pharmacy, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia, Stress}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz Abdullah Bahadig RPH and Reem Saad Alsubaie and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Budoor Emad Aloumi} } @article {144, title = {Factors of Pharmacy Practice on Pharmacy Technician Job Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {145-150}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {145}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the Pharmacy practice factors on pharmacy technician job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-section survey of the stress factors impact of pharmacy technician job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 35 questions divided into two-part demographic information and the second part consisted of three parts. Part one was about stress-related factors of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management policies, pharmacy stress factors, pharmacy personal time, salary and benefits, pharmacy motivation factors. Part two included the questions about pharmacy services units of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management structure, dispersing and patient education, clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy technology, pharmacy store and overall job satisfaction. Part three questions consisted of communication and relationships factors of pharmacy technician job. It included pharmacy supervisors, relationship with coworkers and pharmacist interaction with other healthcare providers, customer interaction and overall job satisfaction. The questionnaire was made as an electronic format and it analyzed through survey monkey system about part one about pharmacy services units of pharmacy technician job. Results: The total responders were 96. The gender distribution 83 (86.46\%) were males and 13 (13.54\%) were females. The majority of them 86 (89.58\%) were in age group (20-39 years). The average pharmacy technician satisfaction score of pharmacy management structure was (3.14), clinical pharmacy technician activities was (3.16), pharmacy technician satisfaction of pharmacy informatics was (2.76), pharmacy technician satisfaction score of pharmacy store factors were (2.87) and the overall job satisfaction was (3.62). The finding showed for factor there are no significant differences between male or female and social status married or single, experiences of current position and the most of salary income for all pharmacy services elements satisfaction (p\>0.5). Conclusion: The pharmacy services with an emphasis on information technology and pharmacy inventory management affected negatively to the pharmacy technician job satisfaction. All pharmacy services satisfactions should be corrected to improve the pharmacy technician in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Factors, Job, Pharmacy, Pharmacy Technicians, Practice, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.27}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig Rph and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Budoor Emad Aloumi and Reem Saad Alsubaie} } @article {117, title = {History and Strategies of Drug Information Services at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {1-3}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Over more thirty years back the first drug information services founded at Ministry of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The drug information services stated with very simple and essential to the comprehensive with high quality and quantity specialized pharmacy practice. The services transferred over several periods from established time to advance stage and public stage. The drug information strategic plan founded for five years and included the updated Pharmacy strategic plan with Saudi vision 2030. The new drug information services started for the public with hotline at the Ministry of Health in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Drug Information, History, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Services, Strategies}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.1}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {122, title = {Inpatient Medication Errors and Pharmacist Intervention at Ministry of Health Public Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {44-48}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the inpatient medication errors and pharmacist intervention at Ministry of Health Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 9-month cross-sectional study conducted at a 300-bed public hospital to evaluate pharmacist response and prevention of inpatient medication errors in adult and pediatric patients. There is a medication safety officer in the hospital along with a medication safety committee. The following information on medication errors were documented in the form available at the hospital: patient{\textquoteright}s demographic information, sources of medication errors, time of errors, type of errors, description of errors, causes of errors, recommendation to prevent such errors and the outcome of errors. The form was developed by using the National Coordinating Council (NCC) for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (MERP) system. Results: According to the results, the pharmacist prevented a total of 3089 medication errors within 805 patients. About 3.8 errors per prescription were prevented. Most of the prevention occurred during prescribing stage (705 (99.2\%)). Patient-related errors (1564 (50.63\%)) and prescriber-related errors (1435 (46.46\%)) were the most type of prevented errors. Allergy was the most prevented subtype of errors (560 (91.4\%)) followed by patient{\textquoteright}s body weight (543 (88.6\%)) and prescriber data missing/unclear (347 (56.6\%)). Most of the errors that were prevented were near miss (93.3\%) followed by 6.3\% of the errors that reached the patient but did not cause any harm. The highest percentage with respect to the causes of medication errors was missing clinical information (649 (83.7\%)) and miscommunication of drug order (627 (80.9\%)). The top 20 medications involved in medication errors were oral and intravenous injections (Paracetamol and enoxaparin injection, respectively). Conclusion: The pharmacist plays a very crucial role in preventing medication errors. In order to prevent medication errors and improve patient outcome, the pharmacist provides education to the healthcare professional about medication safety and establishes the intravenous medication guidelines.

}, keywords = {Inpatient, Intervention, Medication errors, Ministry of Health, Pharmacist, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nesreen Alshabaar and Nadia Lubad and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} } @article {118, title = {National Medication Errors Reporting System at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {4-7}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {

Objective: To demonstrate the medications errors as part of the pharmaceutical care plan at the Ministry of Health of Health foundations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is a retrospective analysis of medications error documentation system at the Ministry of Health of Health institutions. The Pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020 used in the study. The analysis used the modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure. Results: The medications error documentation system founded with a defined vision, mission and goals. The system had several resources including human or economic and other described in the review. The continuation of the system assured by risk management model description. Also, the monitoring and controlling of the system as illustrated. The convention to operation project though closing project stage demonstrated in the Analysis. Conclusion: The Medications errors documentation system established within the healthcare system and pharmacy regulations. The medications error documentation system is regularly improving accordingly at all Ministry of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical outcomes, Critical care services, Interventions, Pharmacist, Private hopsital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {119, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Environmental Culture and Staff Competency at Primary Healthcare Centers/ Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {20-27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the national survey of medication safety practices with an emphasis on environmental factors and staff competencies at primary healthcare centers (PHCs) and community pharmacies (CPs) in Saudi Arabia, Riyadh city. Method: This is a 4-month cross-sectional medication safety practice survey conducted at pharmacies of PHCs of Ministry of Health and CPs in Riyadh city. The survey consisted of the modified version of the Medication Safety Self-Assessment{\textregistered} for Community/ Ambulatory Pharmacy from the Institute of Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). The survey consisted of a demographic section and 10 domains with questions on environmental factors, staff competency and education. The authors distributed the questionnaire and followed-up on a daily basis by physically visiting or via telephonic call. The survey was prepared in an electronic format and it was analyzed through the Survey Monkey system and Microsoft Excel version 10. Result: The survey was distributed to 13 PHCs and 23 CPs. The average score of all the ISMP-self assessment of medication safety items at PHCs was 2.75 {\textpm} 0.36 (54.94\%) (95\% confidence interval (95\% CI) = 2.55{\textendash}2.95; P\<0.05; range = 2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average score of all ISMP-self assessment of medication safety items at CPs was 3.14 {\textpm} 0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI = 2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range = 2.40{\textendash}3.88). The average score of environmental factors, workflow and staffing domain at PHCs was 2.7 {\textpm} 0.45 (54\%) (95\% CI = 2.53{\textendash}2.87; P\<0.05; range = 1.55{\textendash}3.68), whereas in CPs, the average score was 3.58 {\textpm} 0.43 (71.6\%) (95\% CI = 3.44{\textendash}3.717; P\<0.05; range = 2.63{\textendash}4.37). The average score of staff competency and education at PHCs was 3.02 {\textpm} 0.298 (60.4\%) (95\% CI = 2.9{\textendash}3.2; P\<0.05; range = 2.64{\textendash}3.55), whereas in the CPs, the average score was 4.15 {\textpm} 0.20 (83\%) (95\% CI = 4.03{\textendash}4.27; P\<0.05; range = 3.78{\textendash}4.53). Conclusion: The PHCs implemented only half of the environmental factors, workflow and staff competency domains preventive measures for medication safety and lower than CPs. Targeting of improving environmental culture and staff competency for medication safety at PHCs is highly recommended in KSA.

}, keywords = {Community Pharmacy, Environmental culture, Medication, Primary Healthcare Centers, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia, Staff competency}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Rana Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Adel Mehmas Hamdi Alragas} } @article {120, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Medication Administration at Primary Healthcare Centers/Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {28-35}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the national medication safety practice with emphasis on medication administration at primary healthcare centers (PHCs) and community pharmacies (CPs) in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a four-month cross-sectional medication safety practice survey conducted at PHC pharmacies and CPs in Riyadh city. The survey consisted of the modified version of the Medication Safety Self-Assessment{\textregistered} for Community/Ambulatory Pharmacy from the Institute of Safe Medication Practice (ISMP). The survey consisted of a demographic section and 10 domains with 198 questions. The domains included questions on patient information; drug information; communication of drug orders and other drug information; drug labeling and packaging and nomenclature; use of devices; environmental factors; staff competency and education; patient education; quality processes; and risk management domain. In this study, we emphasized on medication administration; it is a finding from medication safety self-assessment for community/ambulatory pharmacy in Riyadh city. Results: The survey was distributed to 13 PHC pharmacies and 23 CPs. The average score of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety at PHCs was 2.75{\textpm}0.36 (54.94\%) (95\% CI=2.55{\textendash} 2.95; P\<0.05; range=2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average score of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety at CPs was 3.14{\textpm}0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI=2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range=2.40{\textendash}3.88). The average score of drug standardization, storage and distribution domain at PHCs was 2.35{\textpm}0.41 (47\%) (95\% CI=2.17{\textendash}2.53; P\<0.05; range=1.33{\textendash}3.09) and in CPs, it was 3.4{\textpm}0.54 (68\%) (95\% CI =3.16{\textendash}3.54; P\<0.05; range=2.22{\textendash}4.25). The average score of medication devices acquisition, use and monitoring domain at PHCs was 3.62{\textpm}0.14 (72.4\%) (95\% CI=3.26{\textendash}3.978; P\<0.05; range=3.45{\textendash}3.70) and in CPs, it was 2.78{\textpm}0.23 (55.6\%) (95\% CI=2.21{\textendash}3.349; P\<0.05; range=2.63-3.05). Conclusion: The medication administration safety was inadequate at PHCs while acceptable at CPs. Targeting to drug standardization, storage and distribution with emphasis on medication devices use and monitoring are highly recommended at PHCs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Administration, Community Pharmacy, Medication, Primary care centers, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Adel Mehmas Hamdi Alragas and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Rana Mohammed Alslim} } @article {121, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Patient Education, Quality Process and Risk Management at Primary Healthcare Centers/Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {36-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {36}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the national medication safety practice such as patient education, quality process and risk management at primary healthcare centers (PHCs) and community pharmacies (CPs) in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a four-month cross-sectional medication safety practice survey conducted at PHC pharmacies and CPs in Riyadh city. The survey consisted of the modified version of the Medication Safety Self-Assessment{\textregistered} for Community/Ambulatory Pharmacy from the Institute of Safe Medication Practice (ISMP). The survey consisted of a demographic section and 10 domains with 198 questions. The domains included questions on patient information; drug information; communication of drug orders and other drug information; drug labeling and packaging and nomenclature; use of devices; environmental factors; staff competency and education; patient education; quality processes; and risk management domain. In this study, we emphasized on patient education, quality process and risk management; it is a finding from medication safety self-assessment for community/ ambulatory pharmacy in Riyadh city. Results: The survey was distributed to 13 PHC pharmacies and 23 CPs. The average score of all ISMP-self assessment of medication safety items at PHCs was 2.75{\textpm}0.36 (54.94\%) (95\% confidence interval (95\% CI)=2.55{\textendash}2.95; P\<0.05; range=2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average score of all ISMP-self assessment of medication safety items at CPs was 3.14{\textpm}0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI=2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range=2.40{\textendash}3.88). The average score of patient education at PHCs was 3.04{\textpm}0.365 (60.8\%) (95\% CI=2.89{\textendash}3.19; P\<0.05; range=2.00{\textendash}3.73) and at CPs, it was 3.73{\textpm}0.29 (74.6\%) (95\% CI=3.61{\textendash}3.85; P\<0.05; range=3.11{\textendash}4.22). The average score of quality processes and risk management at PHCs was 2.76{\textpm}0.35 (55.2 \%) (95\% CI=2.64{\textendash}2.88; P\<0.05; range=2.09{\textendash}3.50) and at CPs, it was 3.20 {\textpm}0.38 (64\%) (95\% CI=3.07{\textendash}3.33; P\<0.05; range=2.47{\textendash}3.89). Conclusion: The implementation of patient education and quality processes and risk management at PHCs and CPs were inadequate. Targeting to improve all meditations safety assessment tools at PHCs and CPs is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Community Pharmacies, Education, Medication, Primary Healthcare Centers, Quality, Risk Management, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Adel Mehmas H. Alragas and Rana Mohammed Alslim} } @article {143, title = {Pharmacy Technician Job Satisfaction with Communication and Relationships Factors in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {140-144}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {140}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the Pharmacy technician job satisfaction with Communication and relationships factors in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-section survey of the stress factors impacting pharmacy technician job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 35 questions divided into two-part demographic information and the second part consisted of three parts. Part one was about stress-related factors of pharmacy job. Part two included the questions about pharmacy services units of pharmacy job. Part three questions about communication and relationships factors of pharmacy technician job. In addition, overall job satisfaction. The questionnaire made as an electronic format and it was analyzed through survey monkey system about part three communication and relationships factors of pharmacy technician job. Results: The total responders were 96. The gender distribution 83 (86.46\%) was male and 13 (13.54\%) was female. The majority of them 86 (89.58 \%) were in age group (20-39) years. The average satisfaction score of pharmacy supervisors{\textquoteright} factors was (3.175), pharmacy technician interaction with other healthcare providers{\textquoteright} factors was (3.38). While the customer interaction was (3.45) the pharmacy technician relationship with coworkers was (3.85). Most of the pharmacy technician found the challenges at their job were (79.2\%). Some responders wished to change their pharmacy career (60\%) previously while (78\%) liked to stay in the pharmacy field. The overall job satisfaction scores were (3.62). Conclusion: Most of the pharmacy technicians were not satisfied with their job because the supervisor was not supportive and as they faced challenges in their work. Management tool to all pharmacy staff including the supervisors and pharmacy technician in the culture work is highly recommended at healthcare institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Communication, Factors, Job satisfaction, pharmacy technician, Relationships, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.26}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig Rph and Reem Saad Alsubaie and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Budoor Emad Aloumi} } @article {124, title = {Ramadan Pharmaceutical Care System at the Ministry of Health Institutions, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {49-55}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the Ramadan Pharmaceutical Care System as part of the national pharmacy practice program at the Ministry of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a description analysis of Ramadan Pharmaceutical Care System at the Ministry of Health institutions. It was analyzed within the national pharmacy practice program. We used the modified pharmacy business model system and the project management procedure in the report. Results: The Ramadan Pharmaceutical Care program was established with a defined vision, mission and goals. In this project, human, economic and other resources have been described. The risk management was discussed to assure the continuation of the program. Furthermore, we illustrate the monitoring and controlling of the system. The closing stage with conversion to operation project was demonstrated in the Analysis. Conclusion: The Ramadan Pharmaceutical Care system has been implemented and is considered as part of the healthcare system and pharmacy strategic plan. This program has been created to improve pharmacy services provided to the patient and to increase patient satisfaction in the Ministry of Health institutions, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ministry of Health, Pharmaceutical Care, Ramadan, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Aljohara Abdullah Adouh and Meshael Ibrahim Alghuraibi} } @article {136, title = {Stress Factors Impact on Pharmacist Job Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {102-107}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the stress factors impact of pharmacist job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross section survey of the stress factors impact of pharmacist job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 44 questions divided into two-part demographic information and the second part was the questions about stress related factors of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management policies, pharmacy stress factors, pharmacy personal time, salary and benefits, pharmacy motivation factors, overall job satisfaction. The 5-points Likert response scale system closed ended questions were used. Results: The total responders were 242. Of those 214 (91.8 \%) was Saudi and 33 (8.2\%) was non-Saudi. The gender distribution 169 (70.7\%) 55.8\%) was male and 70 (29.3\%) was female. The average pharmacist satisfaction score of pharmacy management policies factors was (3.53), personal pharmacy time was (3.14) and salary and benefits were (2.45) as explored in Table 4. The average score of pharmacy stress factors were (3.86) and the overall job satisfaction was (3.61) as explored in Table 5. The most pharmacy motivation factors found were the financial reward and salary advancement was 201 (87.01\%), followed by the time needed for education and training was 144 (62.3\%) and flexibility in work scheduling was 136 (58.87\%) as explored in Table 6. Conclusion: The majority of pharmacists suffered from pharmacy salary and benefits and time demand for development and education. Those factors were essential of motivation factors related to the pharmacy job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Factors, Job, Pharmacy, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia, Stress}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig Rph and Khurram Shahzad and Saima Qaism and Budoor Emad Aloumi and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Reem Saad Alsubaie} } @article {142, title = {Stress Factors on Pharmacy Technician Personal Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {135-139}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {135}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the Stress factors on pharmacy technician personal satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-section survey of the stress factors impact of pharmacy technician job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 35 questions divided into two-part demographic information and the second part consisted of three parts. Part one was about stress-related factors of pharmacy job. Part two included the questions about pharmacy services units of pharmacy job. Part three questions about communication and relationships factors of pharmacy technician job and overall job satisfaction. The questionnaire was made as an electronic format and it was analyzed through survey monkey system about part one that was about stress-related factors of pharmacy technician job. Results: The total responders were 96. The gender distribution 83 (86.46\%) were males and 13 (13.54\%) were females. The majority of them 86 (89.58\%) were in age group (20-39 years). The average pharmacy technician satisfaction score of pharmacy management policies factors was (3.61), personal pharmacy time was (3.14) and salary and benefits were (2.51). The average score of pharmacy stress factors were (4.03) and the overall job satisfaction was (3.62). The most pharmacy technician motivation factors found were the financial reward and salary advancement was 84 (89.36\%) and the flexibility in work scheduling was 63 (67.02\%) followed by the Funds to support additional education and training 61 (64.89\%) and the time needed for education and training was 61 (64.89\%). Conclusion: There are high job stress factors with inadequate pharmacy salary affected negatively pharmacy technician satisfaction in the pharmacy practice. Those factors very essential related motivation factors on pharmacy technician at healthcare institution in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Factors, Job, personal, pharmacy technician, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia, Stress}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.25}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig Rph and Budoor Emad Aloumi and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi and Reem Saad Alsubaie} } @article {104, title = {National Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting System at the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {21-23}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Objective: To illustrate the adverse drug reaction during the pharmacy strategic plan at the Ministry of Health of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is description analysis of adverse drug reaction system at the Ministry of Health of Health institutions. It was analysis within the Pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020. The modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure used in the report. Results: The adverse drug reaction established with a defined vision, mission and goals. The system human or economic and other resources described in the review. The risk management was discussed to assure the continuation of the system. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the system as illustrated. The closing stage with convention to operation project demonstrated in the Analysis. Conclusion: The Adverse drug reaction system implemented and it is considered as part of the healthcare system and pharmacy regulations. The documentation of ADR is updating improving accordingly at all Ministry of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction, Ministry of Health, Pharmaceutical Care, Saudi Arabia, System}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {105, title = {National Corporate Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee at the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {24-27}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {24}, abstract = {

Objective: To review the Ministry of Health Corporate MOH Pharmacy and Therapeutic committee system at the Ministry of Health foundations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is a retrospective analysis of Ministry of Health Corporate MOH Pharmacy and Therapeutic committee system at Ministry of hospitals institutions. Its analysis illustrated within the Pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020. The analysis process used. The modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure. Results: Ministry of Heath drug Corporate MOH Pharmacy and Therapeutic committee established with clear vision, mission and goals. The committee had human or economic and other resources described in the review. To assure the continuity of the system; the risk management was used and described. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the system were demonstrated. The closing stage with convention to operation project shown in the Analysis. Conclusion: The Ministry of Health Corporate MOH Pharmacy and Therapeutic committee system founded though Pharmacy strategies and regulations. The Ministry of Health Corporate MOH Pharmacy and Therapeutic committee has regular development accordingly at all Ministry of Health hospitals and primary healthcare centers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ministry of Health, Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {106, title = {National Drug Formulary of the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {28-30}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the Ministry of Health drug formulary system at the Ministry of Health foundations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is description analysis of Ministry of Health drug formulary system at Ministry of hospitals and primary healthcare centers. It analysis illustrated within the Pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020. The analysis process used. The modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure. Results: Ministry of Heath drug formulary system established with clear vision, mission and goals. The project had human or economic and other resources described in the review. To assure the continuity of the system; the risk management was used and described. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the system as illustrated. The closing stage with convention to operation project demonstrated in the Analysis. Conclusion: The Ministry of Heath drug formulary system founded and it is considered as part of Pharmacy strategic planning and regulations. The Ministry of Heath drug formulary has normal development accordingly at all Ministry of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Drug, Formulary, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.10}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {107, title = {National Pharmacist Intervention Documentation System at the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {31-33}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Objective: To review the pharmacist interventions documentation system at the Ministry of Health of Health hospitals and primary care centers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is description analysis of pharmacist interventions documentation system at the Ministry of Health of Health institutions. The system analyzed within the Pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020. The modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure used in the analysis. Results: Pharmacist intervention documentation system founded with a clear vision, mission and goals. The project had human or economic and other resources clarified in the review. The risk management was described to assure the continuation of the system. Besides, the monitoring and controlling of the system as illustrated. The closing project stage with convention to operation project demonstrated in the Analysis. Conclusion: The Pharmacist interventions documentation system founded and it is considered as part of Pharmacy administration regulations. The documentation of pharmacist interventions has normal development accordingly at all Ministry of Health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ministry of Health, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmacist Intervention, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {109, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Drug Information at Primary Healthcare Centers/Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {37-42}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore regarding drug information at Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) and Community Pharmacies (CPs) in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month crosssectional survey conducted at PHCs and CPs in Riyadh city. In this study, the survey was adapted and modified from the Institution of Safe Medication Practice (ISMP) medication safety self-assessment for community/ambulatory pharmacy. It consists of a demographic section and 10 domains with 198 questions. The domains captured the following information: patient information; drug information; communication of drug orders and other drug information; drug labeling and packaging and nomenclature; use of medication delivery devices; environmental factors; staff competency and education; patient education; quality processes; and risk management domain. The survey was conducted at PHCs of Ministry of Health and at CPs located in Riyadh city. This study is focused on the second domain, that is, drug information at PHCs and CPs in Riyadh city. Results: The survey was distributed to 13 PHCs and 23 CPs. The average {\textpm} Standard Deviation (SD) of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety practice at PHCs was 2.75{\textpm}0.36 (54.94\%) (95\% Confidence Interval (CI) = 2.55{\textendash}2.95; P\<0.05; range = 2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average score of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety practice at CPs was 3.14{\textpm}0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI = 2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range = 2.40{\textendash}3.88). The average score of drug information domain at PHCs was 2.04{\textpm}0.34 (40.8\%) (95\% CI = 1.89{\textendash}2.19; P\<0.05; range = 1.50{\textendash}2.73), whereas that at the CPs was 2.35{\textpm}0.5 (47\%) (95\% CI = 2.13{\textendash}2.57; P\<0.05; range = 1.61{\textendash}3.43). Conclusion: The PHCs and CPs need to improve the key aspects of drug information related to the safety documentation and reporting system for medications. We recommend that the PHCs and CPs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) should regularly conduct awareness programs on medication safety. We also recommend conducting an annual follow-up assessment of all the critical elements of drug information related to the medication safety system at PHCs and CPs.

}, keywords = {Community Pharmacies, Drug Information, Medication, Primary Healthcare Centers, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Rana Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Adel Mehmas H. Alragas} } @article {111, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Preparation of Medication and Dispensing at Primary Healthcare Centers/Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {49-57}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the national medication safety practice in terms of medication preparation and dispensing at Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) and Community Pharmacies (CPs) in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional medication safety practice survey conducted at PHCs and CPs in Riyadh. The survey consisted of the modified version of the Medication Safety Self-Assessment{\textregistered} for Community/Ambulatory Pharmacy from the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). The survey consisted of a demographic section and 10 domains with 198 questions. The 10 domains included patient information; drug information; communication of drug orders and other drug information; drug labeling, packaging and nomenclature; use of medical devices; environmental factors; staff competency and education; patient education; quality processes; and risk management. This study emphasizes on the medication preparation and dispensing as per the Medication Safety Self-Assessment for Community/Ambulatory Pharmacy, Riyadh. Results: The survey was distributed to 13 PHCs and 23 CPs. The average score of all the ISMP self-assessment of medication safety items at PHCs was 2.75{\textpm}0.36 (54.94 \%) with 95\% confidence interval (95\% CI) = 2.55{\textendash}2.95 (P\<0.05; range = 2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average score of all the ISMP self-assessment of medication safety items at CPs was 3.14{\textpm}0.42 (62.86\%) with 95\% CI = 2.90{\textendash}4.38 (P\<0.05; range = 2.40{\textendash}3.88). The average score of the communication of drug orders and other drug information domain at all hospitals were 2.57{\textpm}0.38 (51.4 \%) with 95\% CI = 2.36{\textendash}2.78 (P\<0.05; range = 1.92{\textendash}3.25) at PHCs and in the CPs, it was 2.44{\textpm}0.35 (48.8 \%) with 95\% CI = 2.245{\textendash}2.635 (P\<0.05; range = 2.00{\textendash}3.09). The average score of drug labeling, packaging and nomenclature domain at all hospitals was 2.57{\textpm} 0.41 (51.4 \%) with 95\% CI = 2.35{\textendash}2.79 (P\<0.05; range = 1.83{\textendash}3.08) at PHCs and in CPs, it was 3.2{\textpm}0.59 (64\%) with 95\% CI = 2.89{\textendash}3.51, (P\<0.05; range = 2.20{\textendash}4.05). Conclusion: Fifty percent of medication safety critical elements of ISMP standards was implemented during the preparation and dispensing of medication in the PHCs and CPs. Targeting to improve medication safety key at PHCs and CPs to prevent drug-related problems is required in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction, Ministry of Health, Pharmaceutical Care, Saudi Arabia, System}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Adel Mehmas H. Alragas and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Rana Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem} } @article {108, title = {On-the-Job Training of Pharmacy Technicians at the Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {34-36}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {34}, abstract = {

Objective: To demonstrate the pharmacy technicians on the job training at the Ministry of Health of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method: It is a retrospective analysis of pharmacy technicians on job training project at the Ministry of Health of Health hospitals. It was within The Pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020. The study used the modified pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure. Results: The pharmacy technicians on job training system established with a defined vision, mission and goals. The system had several resources including human or economic and other described in the review. The continuation of the system assured by risk management model description. Also, the monitoring and controlling of the system as illustrated. The convention to operation project though closing project stage demonstrated in the Analysis. Conclusion: The pharmacy technicians on job training system established within the healthcare system and pharmacy regulations. The pharmacy technicians on the job training system are regularly improving accordingly at all Ministry of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Job, Ministry of Health, Pharmacy Technicians, Saudi Arabia, Training}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} }