@article {139, title = {Analysis of Antimicrobial Medication Consumption in Intensive Care Unit, North West (Tabuk) Region Hospitals, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {119-123}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Objectives: This article describes antimicrobial medication use among different age groups and the cost associated with it in intensive care units at North West (Tabuk) hospitals, Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study to explore the antimicrobial medication use in intensive care units at North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 12-month antimicrobial drug use by intensive care units at North West region hospitals which included critical care for adults, pediatrics and neonates. The medications selected by Central Antibiotics committee at MOH as part of the National Antimicrobial Stewardship program. The consumption was driven from pharmacy database and calculated based on off standard unit of antimicrobials per hospital. The antimicrobials consisted of antibacterial drugs, antifungal and antiviral medications. The cost of antimicrobial consumption was calculated by using the Ministry of Health National Cost database. All cost used were as US currency. Results: The total number of antimicrobial standard units were (14,305) and average (2,861) per hospital. The highest drug consumption was Ceftriaxone 1 gm injection (2724) followed by Imipenem 500 mg injection (1251) and Vancomycin 500 injection (1165). The total cost of Antimicrobial consumption was (53,884.95 USD) and (10,777 USD) per each hospital. The highest cost medication consumption from Adults critical care 73.42\% (39,562.33 USD) followed by pediatrics critical care 18.15\% (9,779.93 USD) and Neonates critical care 8.43\% (4,542.68 USD). The highest medication cost was very broad-spectrum antibiotics like Meropenem, Imipenem and Ceftriaxone. It consumed more than 50\% of the cost burden. Conclusion: This study is the first in Saudi Arabia, Gulf and Middle East countries. Health system pharmacist leaders are targeting to implement the antimicrobial stewardship program and National Drug Utilization Evaluation system to control unnecessary medication expenditure and prevent misuse of medicines.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Medications, Ministry of Health, Patient, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Ghormallah Abdullah Alghamdi and Samira Ali Asiri} } @article {133, title = {Basic Knowledge of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs among Saudi Community}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {93-96}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {93}, abstract = {

Objectives: The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is a rising problem in the modern medical world. NSAIDs are easily available over the counter and accessible to the public. As such, we have seen a need to assess the knowledge and perception of public use of NSAIDs. In this study, we aimed to explore the knowledge of public use of NSAIDs among the participants from major metropolitan areas in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study conducted for a period of 6 months using a questionnaire, which was developed to evaluate the use of NSAIDs in several major metropolitan areas among the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This questionnaire was randomly distributed digitally using the Survey Monkey system to individuals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia via social networking sites. The survey collected demographic data, age, education, socioeconomic status. The patient knowledge about the administration of NSAIDs status with meals, side effects, expiry date, resource information and related knowledge issues. The data were tabulated and analyzed by using SPSS version 13. Results: In this study, a total of 3000 patients received the questionnaire and of them, 500 responded, which means the response rate was 16.6\%. The highest percentage of responders were in the age group of 40 years and above (52.63\% n=263). Majority of the responders were those who had a university degree (66.20\% (n=329)). According to our results, 63.31\% (n=316) of the participants they knew how to take NSAIDs, i.e. with or without food is essential. Approximately 45\% (n=224) of the participants knew about the possible side effects of NSAIDs. Half of the study population thought that expiry date is the time by which drugs become ineffective, whereas 33.81\% (n=169) of the participants thought that drugs become toxic after this time. Around 61.87\% (n=309) of the participants obtained information about NSAIDs from the package insert, whereas 32.45\% (n=162) of the participants obtained information from the internet. Conclusion: The primary knowledge regarding NSAIDs is inadequate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Patient education about NSAIDs is highly recommended at healthcare institutions to prevent drug-related mistake, reduce economic burden on the healthcare system in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Patient, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.17}, author = {Amani Abdullah Bahdailah} } @article {131, title = {Pattern use of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs among Saudi Community: Patients{\textquoteright} Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {84-87}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {84}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the utilization of public use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) among the participants from the major metropolitan areas in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 6 months. The study questionnaire was randomly distributed via digital media using Survey Monkey system to individuals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire comprised 24 questions related to demographic data; age; education; socioeconomic status; weight; history of chronic disease; history of pain; frequency, type and dosage of NSAIDs; and indication for the use of NSAIDs. The survey web link was distributed via social media to a convenient sample of participants. Data were tabulated and analyzed by using SPSS version 13 software. Results: The survey questionnaire was distributed to 3000 patients and a total of 500 participants responded, making the response rate as 16.6\%. Of them, the highest percentage of responders belonged to the age group of above 40 years (52.63\%, n=263). Majority of the responders had a university degree (66.20\%, n=329). Of all the responders, 54\% (n=272) did not use painkillers daily, whereas 43.33\% (n=216) took painkillers daily; 2.26\% (n=11) of the responders did not remember. Around 87\% (n=433) of the responders tool an average of 1{\textendash}3 NSAIDs daily, 11.44\% (n=57) took 4{\textendash}7 NSAIDs daily and 1.49\% (n=7) responders took 8{\textendash}12 NSAIDs daily without a prescription. Furthermore, 0.50\% (n=2) of the responders took more than 12 NSAIDs per day. Conclusion: The NSAIDs are highly utilized in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the number of awareness programs for the public about the side effects of short- and long-term use of NSAIDs is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Patient, Pattern, Saudi Arabia, Use}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.15}, author = {Amani Abdullah Bahdailah} } @article {110, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Patient Information at Primary Healthcare Centers/Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {43-48}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {43}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore patient{\textquoteright}s information regarding national medication safety Practice At Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) and Community Pharmacies (CPs) in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey conducted on medication safety practice at PHCs and CPs in Riyadh city. In this study, the survey was adapted and modified from the Institution of Safe Medication Practice (ISMP) medication safety self-assessment for community/ambulatory pharmacy. It consists of a demographic section and 10 domains with 198 questions. The domains captured the following information: patient information; drug information; communication of drug orders and other drug information; drug labeling, packaging and nomenclature; use of medical devices; environmental factors; staff competency and education; patient education; quality processes; and risk management domain. The survey was conducted at the PHCs of the Ministry of Health and at CPs located in Riyadh city. This study is focused on the first domain, that is, patient information in PHCs and CPs in Riyadh city. Results: The survey was distributed to 13 PHCs and 23 CPs. The average {\textpm} Standard Deviation (SD) of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety practice at PHCs was 2.75{\textpm}0.36 (54.94 \%) (95\% confidence interval (95\% CI) = 2.55{\textendash}2.95; P\<0.05; range = 2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average {\textpm} SD score of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety practice at CPs was 3.14{\textpm}0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI = 2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range = 2.40{\textendash}.88). The average {\textpm} SD score of patient information at PHCs was 2.80{\textpm}0.467 (56 \%) (95\% CI = 2.54{\textendash}3.58; P\<0.05; range = 2.08{\textendash}3.45), whereas that of the CPs was 2.60{\textpm}0.667 (52 \%) (95\% CI = 2.23{\textendash}2.97; P\<0.05; range = 1.36{\textendash}3.96). Conclusion: The PHCs and PCs implemented almost half the of ISMP medication safety critical elements including the patient information related issue. Targeting to improve medication safety system at PHCs and CPs is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Community Pharmacy, Information, Medication, Patient, Primary Healthcare Center, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rana Mohammed Alslim and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Adel Mehmas H. Alragas} }