@article {241, title = {Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern; Errors Perspective in Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {34-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {34}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the medication error in prescribing antibiotics in primary health care centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of antibiotics prescribing errors of randomly selected twenty-five primary health care centers in Riyadh city. One month{\textquoteright}s prescription had been reviewed. The expert pharmacist revised the prescription and documented the errors. The medication error form of MOH had been used to document the errors. Results: During the study period, 18,031 prescriptions were recorded in all the included study settings. Of the total prescriptions, 3,879 (21.51\%) contained antibiotics and were included in the current study. Of the total prescriptions, 1388 (35.78\%) prescriptions detected medication errors were analyzed in the current study. The most errors detected in the prescription were height not written 1388 (100\%), followed by diagnosis not found 535 (38.54\%), and body weight not written 492 (35.45\%). The antibiotics errors occurred with pediatrics and adolescents \< or = 20 years 673 (50.08\%) and adults \> 20 years with 671(49.92\%) with statically significant differences between all medication error types within pediatrics and adults (p=0.000). The errors identified mainly were related to inappropriate drug selection that occurred in 748 (53.9\%) of the prescriptions, followed by low therapeutic dose 277 (20.0\%) and dose frequency 175 (12.6\%), with statistically significant differences between all types (p=0.000). The most Medications with errors were Amoxicillin 576 (41.5\%), Amoxicillin/clavulanate 277 (28.1\%), Fucidic Acid 123 (8.9\%), and Azithromycin 116 (8.4\%). Conclusion: One-third of primary healthcare centers prescriptions contained antibiotics and had at least one error. The most errors related to demographic information and most prescribed antibiotics at primary healthcare centers. Targeting electronic prescribing systems and implementing stewardship antimicrobial programs at primary healthcare centers are highly suggested.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Medication error, Prescribing, Primary health care center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.6}, author = {Zainab Ibrahim Albahouth and Samia Zaben Almurshadi and Nawaf Marzog Alotibi and Faisal Mushabab Alqhtani and Ibtisam Nasser Altamimi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {235, title = {Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern: Pharmacy Staff Knowledge about Antibiotics at Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {1-10}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare pharmacy staff knowledge of the rational use of antibiotics at primary health care centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Self-administered Questionnaires were distributed to fifty-six pharmacy staff (pharmacists and pharmacy technicians) from randomly selected twentyfive primary health care centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire included demographic information and 14 closed-ended questions about the rational usage of antibiotics. Results: All the fiftysix pharmacy staff responded to the survey with a response rate of 100\%. The responders consisted of having a Diploma in pharmacy (28 (50\%)), a Bachelor{\textquoteright}s in pharmacy (27 (48.2\%)), and one (1.8\%) postgraduated pharmacist. Most pharmacy technicians were female, 18 (32.1\%) vs. 10 (17.9\%) male, with non-statistically significant differences between them (p=0.131), while the pharmacists were female 22 (39.3\%) vs. male 5 (8.9\%) with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.001). There is insufficient knowledge of the rational use of antibiotics among pharmacy technicians and pharmacists respondents. All pharmacy technicians and pharmacists in the study knew that antibiotics are mainly used for bacterial infections. However, many pharmacy technician and pharmacist participants did not know that antibiotics are ineffective for viral and fungal infections (25\% and 14.3\% for pharmacy technicians, respectively) vs. (16.1, and 17.9\% for pharmacists, respectively). There was no difference in the mean knowledge of antibiotic prescription among respondents, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacists. Furthermore, the respondents had no statistically different knowledge regarding age, gender, and working experience (p\>0.05). However, the age factor might play a significant role in antibiotics knowledge for pharmacy technicians only. Conclusion: The primary health care centers Pharmacy staff (pharmacy technicians and pharmacists){\textquoteright} knowledge of antibiotics rational usages was insufficient. Targeting training and educating about antibiotics generally emphasize antimicrobial resistance risks are highly recommended.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Knowledge, Pharmacy, Primary Healthcare Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.1}, author = {Zainab Albahouth and Samia Zaben Almurshadi and Hind Nasser Altamimi and Tarfah Sultan Binjerais and Abdulaziz Hussain Alhussain and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {244, title = {Financial Management System in Pharmacy Practice: A New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {54-58}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {54}, abstract = {

Objectives: Financial pharmacy operations are integral in pharmacy management. It is necessary for strategic planning and aligns with Saudi Vision 2030. This theme aims to illustrate financial services in pharmacy operations as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: Local and international accounting and finance organizations are driving this new project. It has been developed based on global business models, guidelines for pharmacy projects, and new guidelines for project operators. A project management expert designs this initiative. This effort will consist of several phases, from the initial stage through the planning, execution, monitoring, and control phases. Results: A pharmacy operation has a clear vision, mission, and financial goals. This service has many benefits, including increased profitability, effective financial management, and better patient care. In addition, a description of the risk management model ensures project continuity. We also discussed monitoring and controlling services. Finally, the analysis considers the transition to a production project up to the project{\textquoteright}s final phase. Conclusion: Pharmacy Operations Finance is a new initiative that should be part of the Saudi Vision 2030 Pharmacy Strategic Plan. Pharmacy finance requires a clear vision, guidelines, and longterm partnerships with financial institutions. In addition, financial aspects in pharmacy operations are critical to developing a proper pharmacist career plan focused on patient care, optimal profitability, and effective financial management

}, keywords = {Financial g, Initiative, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia., Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {247, title = {Perceptions and Attitudes about the Voluntary/Charitable Pharmaceutical Care Services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {62-70}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {62}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the pharmacist perception of voluntary or charitable pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed Pharmacist perception of voluntary or charitable pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, The Perception of voluntary or charitable pharmacies, and barriers, which factors may Discourage you from implementing voluntary or charitable pharmacy. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. The data analysis of the pharmacist knowledge of charity pharmacies is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 578 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, one-third responded from the Central region (180 (31.14\%)), and one Quarter responded from the western region (140 (24.22\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (373 (64.53\%)) versus 205 (35.47\%)), with statistically significant differences among gender (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 35-44 years (155 (26.82\%)), age group 25-34 years (144 (24.91\%)), age group 45-54 years (126 (21.80\%)), and with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average score of perception of pharmacists about the Charity pharmacy was (3.69). The element {\textquotedblleft}I am willing to implementation of the charity pharmacy{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.90). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}I am getting the clinical outcome for the patient from charity pharmacy{\textquotedblright} (3.78). The average score of perception of pharmacists about factors that may (Discourage) you from participating in the charity pharmacy was (3.46). The element {\textquotedblleft}the charity pharmacy Should not be mandatory{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.57). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}There is not periodic training of medical staff about charity pharmacy{\textquotedblright} (3.52).

}, keywords = {Attitudes, Charitable, Perceptions, Pharmaceutical Care, Saudi Arabia., Services, Voluntary}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {249, title = {Virtual Clinical Pharmacy Services: A New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {73-76}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Objectives: The Virtual clinical pharmacy services were created to align with Saudi Vision 2030. This topic aims to declare the Virtual clinical pharmacy services as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This new project is driven by local and international virtual pharmaceutical care services. It was formulated from guidelines of pharmacy projects, the international business model, and management institution guidelines for the new project. Project management professionals draft this initiative, consisting of several stages, from the initial until planning phases, execution, monitoring, and control stages. Results: Virtual clinical pharmacy services include electronic mediation history review, mediation reconciliation, medication safety, therapeutic guidelines implementation, pharmacist intervention, patient counseling, research and development. Furthermore, the risk management model description ensures the project{\textquoteright}s continuation. Besides, the monitoring and control of the services were declared. Finally, the analysis investigates the transition to the operation project through the closing project stage. Conclusion: Virtual clinical pharmacy services are a new initiative fit with Saudi Vision 2030. Virtual clinical pharmacy services education requires a clear vision, policy and procedures, and long-term patient satisfaction with services. Virtual clinical pharmacy services may be essential in developing an appropriate clinical pharmacy career plan focusing on virtual patient care to achieve targeted drug therapy management, prevent drug-related mortality and morbidity, and avoid burden costs on the healthcare system.

}, keywords = {Clinic, Clinical, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia., Virtual}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Asma Mohammed Alzahrani and Haifa Shabeeb Almutairi and Tahani Mohammed Alotaibi and Mona Yousef Lubbad and Nouf Abdurazaq Alhaza and Raghad Maluoh Alanazi}, editor = {Nouf Musleh Alassadi} } @article {239, title = {Virtual Pediatrics Medication Counseling Clinic: A New Initiative Project in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Objectives: The virtual pediatric medication counseling clinics were created to align with Saudi Vision2030. This topic aims to declare the virtual pediatric medicine education clinic services as a new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This new project is driven by local and international virtual pharmaceutical care services. It was formulated from guidelines of pharmacy projects, the international business model, , and management institution guidelines for the new project. Project management professionals draft this initiative, consisting of several stages, from the initial until planning phases, execution, monitoring, and control stages. Results: Virtual pediatric medicine counseling clinics consist of medication history reviews, medication reconciliation, patient education, medication safety, research and development, and patient satisfaction. Furthermore, the risk management model description ensures the project{\textquoteright}s continuation. Besides, the monitoring and control of the services were declared. Finally, the analysis investigates the transition to the operation project through the closing project stage. Conclusion: Virtual pediatric medication counseling clinics are a new initiative in the general strategic plan with Saudi Vision 2030. Virtual pediatric medicine education clinic requires a clear vision, policy and procedures, and long-term patient service satisfaction. Virtual pediatric medication counseling clinics may be essential in developing an appropriate pharmacy professional plan focusing on patient care to achieve targeted therapeutic management, prevent drug-related problems, and avoid unnecessary costs.

}, keywords = {Counseling, Education, Medication, Saudi Arabia., Virtual Pediatric}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.5}, author = {Nouf Musleh Alassadi and Asma Mohammed Alzahrani and Haifa Shabeeb Almutairi and Tahani Mohammed Alotaibi and Mona Yousef Lubbad and Nouf Abdurazaq Alhaza and Raghad Maluoh Alanazi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {236, title = {Voluntary/Charitable Pharmaceutical Care Knowledge in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {11-19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge about voluntary or charitable pharmaceutical care in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey discussing pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge about voluntary or charitable pharmaceutical care services in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and general information about charity pharmacy practice, pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about voluntary or charitable pharmaceutical care services, and voluntary or charitable pharmacy practice resources. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. The data analysis of the pharmacist knowledge of charity pharmacies is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 578 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Onehalf of the responders knew about pharmacy volunteering activities 230 (57.09\%). Most pharmacists did not participate in the volunteering activities because they did not have time for it 197 (41.21\%), they did not need it 141 (29.50\%), and they did not take any educational or training 120 (25.10\%), or volunteering activities is difficult to understand 105 (21.97\%). Less than one-half of responders only know where to go if they want to participate in Charity Pharmacy at their work 243 (42.26\%) or participate in Charity Pharmacy outside their work 259 (44.97\%). The average score of level knowledge of the pharmacy volunteer was (3.44). The element {\textquotedblleft}Vision and mission of Charity Pharmacy{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.81). The average score of the level information of the resources about charity pharmacies was (3.52). The resources of the {\textquotedblleft}Governmental sector{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.71), followed by {\textquotedblleft}General medical or health society{\textquotedblright} (3.59). Conclusion: The average knowledge of pharmacy professionals of charitable pharmaceuticals care services was insufficient. Therefore, targeting awareness and training programs about charitable pharmacy services is highly suggested to improve learning and participation in the future.

}, keywords = {Charitable, Knowledge, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmacist, Saudi Arabia., Voluntary}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {242, title = {Voluntary/Charitable Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {44-51}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the pharmacist practice of the voluntary or charitable pharmacy in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the Pharmacist practice of voluntary or charitable pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and Pharmacy charity general practice, the practice of voluntary or charitable in various sectors. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closedended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6, had been done with the study. The data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of charity pharmacies is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 578 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, one-third responded from the Central region (180 (31.14\%)), and one Quarter responded from the western region (140 (24.22\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (373 (64.53\%)) versus 205 (35.47\%)), with statistically significant differences among gender (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 35-44 years (155 (26.82\%)), age group 25-34 years (144 (24.91\%)), age group 45-54 years (126 (21.80\%)), and with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Less than one-half of the responders, Always, 251 (43.65\%), or sometimes 130 (22.61\%), participated as pharmacy volunteers before, with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). Most pharmacists participate in pharmacy volunteer More than once a week, 260 (45.45\%), or 129 (22.55\%) a few times a year. Most of the responders participated in pharmacy charity for getting paradise 338 (59.61\%), Improved their CV 283 (49.91\%), and met their attractive 232 (49.91\%). The majority of pharmacists prefer to participate as pharmacy volunteers during Disaster period 400 (70.03\%), Ramadan time 368 (64.11\%), regular days 363 (63.24\%), and Hajj period 322 (56.10\%). Conclusion: The charitable pharmacy practice by pharmacy practitioners was inadequate. The majority of pharmacy providers spend little time annually practicing charitable pharmacy activities and prefer to participate during disasters, the holy month of Ramadan, and the Hajj period. Therefore, awareness of charitable pharmacy practice is essential to improve pharmacy participation in the future.

}, keywords = {Charitable, Charity, Pharmacist, Pharmacy Practice, Saudi Arabia., Voluntary}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {209, title = {Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern at Primary Health Centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to identify antibiotic prescribing patterns in Riyadh{\textquoteright}s Primary health care centers (PHCs). Methods: The study was a one-month cross-sectional medication prescription survey conducted at 25 PHCs in Riyadh. Results: A total of 18031 prescriptions were recorded in all 25 PHCs during the study period. Antibiotics were present in 3,879 (21.51\%) of all prescriptions. The percentage of antibiotics prescribed varied from one primary care center to another; the highest documented percentage was 38.01 \%. In comparison, the lowest proportion was discovered to be 10.56\% of total antibiotics prescribed, with 3,131 (80.67 \%) being bactericidal and 748 (19.3 \%) being bacteriostatic. Capsules were the most commonly prescribed antibiotic dosage form 1,240 (32\%), Amoxicillin was the antibiotic most frequently prescribed 1628 (42\%), followed by a combination of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate 797 (20.5\%). Of the total prescriptions, 2931 (75.6\%) were written with generic names, while 948 (24.4\%) were written with brand (trade) names. Amoxicillin was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic with a generic name (52.7\%), while Amoxicillin/Clavulanate was the most usually prescribed antibiotic with the brand name {\textquotedblleft}Augmentin{\textquotedblright} (69.4\%). The frequency of antibiotics prescribed to patients who did not have a documented indication for Amoxicillin was 270. (6.9\%). Conclusion: Antibiotics were prescribed in one-third of PHC prescriptions. Antimicrobial stewardship programs and training for healthcare professionals are needed at PHCs in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic, Pattern, Prescribing, Primary Health Centers, Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.17}, author = {Zainab Albahooth and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Samia Zaben Almurshadi and Hind Nasser Altamimi and Abdulaziz Hussain Alhussain} } @article {211, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Scientific Publications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {115-125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {115}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about scientific publications in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, we analyzed pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about scientific publications in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists from interns to consultants and specialists. The survey collected demographic information of the responders and their knowledge of selected research paper elements in a scientific journal. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with closeended questions to obtain responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) and Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 543 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-quarter of the participants responded from the central region (155 (28.55\%)), followed by the eastern region (133 (24.49\%)), with statistically significant differences between all regions (p=0.000). Females responded more (321 (59.12\%)) than that of males (222 (40.88\%)). The majority of the responders were Saudi nationals (351 (64.64\%)), followed by non-Saudi nationals (192 (35.36\%)), with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.000). The average score for knowledge of pharmacists about writing a section in the research article was 4.07, with high scores obtained for the elements {\textquotedblleft}knowledge of the abstract section{\textquotedblright} (4.51) and {\textquotedblleft}knowledge of the Introduction section{\textquotedblright} (4.47), with statistically significant between all responses (p=0.000). The average score for knowledge of pharmacists about various study designs in the manuscript was 3.36, with high scores obtained for the elementary knowledge of cohort study (3.59), case series (3.59), observational study, and Letters to the editor (3.49), with statistically significant differences between responses (p=0.000). The average score for knowledge of pharmacists about journal indexing database was (3.17), with high scores obtained for the elementary knowledge of the Google Scholar (3.78), PubMed (3.60), and Index Medicus (3.43). The scores for the reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was (0.843), Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α was (0.847), Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was (0.888), Gutmann{\textquoteright}s was λ6 (0.985), and Greater Lower Bound was (0.994). Conclusion: Pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about writing research sections, study design, and journal indexing database for scientific publications in Saudi Arabia was varied. Therefore, we highly recommend improving pharmacists{\textquoteright} training and education during graduation to improve patients{\textquoteright} pharmaceutical care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Pharmacist, Saudi Arabia., Scientific Publications}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Juman saad Mohammad Alsaab and Razan Alshehri and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {210, title = {Perception and Attitude of Public about Hand Sanitizers and Disinfectants in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {107-114}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {107}, abstract = {

Objectives: The public had malpractice and attitudes toward hand sanitizer and disinfectants during epidemic and pandemic situations. Even though there is evidence that sanitizers and disinfectants are efficacious and prevent disease transmission, the public{\textquoteright}s perception and attitude about their efficacy are still controversial. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the perception and attitude of hand sanitizers and disinfectants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Design and Setting: A self-administered, structured questionnaire was sent to the public via online mode. The survey collected demographic information and information about perception and attitude about using hand sanitizer or disinfectant during COVID-19. Data were analyzed with the SPSS program. Results: A total of 402 participants responded to the questionnaire. Of them, 32.58\% were from the western region, and 25.76\% were from the central region, with statistically significant differences between different regions (p=0.000). Most of the responders (90.88\%) were Saudi nationals. In addition, the majority of the responders (65.17\%) were females, with statistically significant differences between males and females (p=0.000). The average score for attitude was 2.65. The average score for the perception was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}dedicate a specific place in the house to store hand sanitizer or disinfectant{\textquotedblright} (3.90). The responders accepted the sanitizer of disinfectant information from the health practitioners (3.75). The average score of perception was 3.18. The part with most perception by the patient was {\textquotedblleft}the efficacy and safety of sanitizer and disinfectant is the best factor to get them{\textquotedblright} (4.01), and {\textquotedblleft}there is a big difference between sanitizer and disinfectant in effectiveness and safety{\textquotedblright} (3.75). Conclusion: The public{\textquoteright}s perception of sanitizers and disinfectants was inadequate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The public had the perception of knowledge of sanitizers and disinfectants, appropriate storage conditions, non-usage of herbal medications, and use of sanitizers and disinfectants. However, they had a wrong perception of the benefits of sanitizer and disinfectant-related problems. Therefore, public awareness about sanitizer and disinfectants should be improved in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Disinfectants, Perception, Public, Sanitizer, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Basmah Sulimain AlHamdan and Sahar Obaid Alosaimi and Deema Abdullah Altuwayhir and Aseel Hamed Alzaidi} } @article {207, title = {Public Knowledge of Hand Sanitizers and Disinfectants in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {86-94}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {86}, abstract = {

Objectives: Hand sanitizers and disinfectants have been commonly used during epidemic and pandemic situations. Despite the proven efficacy and safety of sanitizers and disinfectants, the publics{\textquoteright} knowledge about their use is still controversial. In this survey, we aimed to investigate the knowledge of the public about the use of hand sanitizer and disinfectants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Design and Setting: A self-administered structured questionnaire was sent to the public via online mode. It collected demographic information and collected information about different hand sanitizers and disinfectants and their general knowledge on such products, contraindications, and storage information during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected through the Survey monkey program. Results: A total of 402 participants responded to the questionnaire. Of them, 32.58\% were from the western region, and 25.76\% were from the central area, and there were statistically significant differences between different regions (p=0.000). Based on nationality, 90.88\% of Saudi nationals responded to the questionnaire. In addition, 65.17\% of the responders were female, with statistically significant differences (p=0.000). The most prevalent age group was between 18 and 29 years (50.25\%), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average general knowledge score was 3.90emphasizing the medication administration (4.40) and frequency of usage (4.25). The average score of contraindication knowledge was 2.91. The feature most known by the public was the general side reaction that appears during use (3.21), and usage of the medication with other drugs is forbidden (3.04). The average score for the knowledge of storage was 3.45. The part most known by the patient was the storage of the sanitizer or disinfectant at room temperature (3.91) and sanitizer or disinfectant prices in general (3.58). Conclusion: The knowledge about storage of sanitizers and disinfectants among the public in Saudi Arabia was satisfactory; however, the knowledge about contraindications was insufficient. Therefore, we recommend increasing the general public{\textquoteright}s awareness about sanitizers and disinfectants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Disinfectants, Knowledge, Public, Sanitizer, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Basmah Sulimain AlHamdan and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Sahar Obaid Alosaimi and Deema Abdullah Altuwayhir} } @article {208, title = {Public Practice of using Hand Sanitizer and Disinfectant in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {95-101}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {95}, abstract = {

Objectives: Hand sanitizer and disinfectants have become essential because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the efficacy of sanitizers and disinfectants in preventing disease transmission, the practice of using them has still not improved among the public. Therefore, in this survey, we analyzed the usages of hand sanitizers and disinfectants in the people of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Designs and Setting: A self-administered, structured questionnaire was sent to the public online, including questions on the responders{\textquoteright} demographics and questions about the type of sanitizer or disinfectant used, the situations, places, and locations where the sanitizer was used during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed via SPSS software. Results: A total of 402 individuals responded to the questionnaire. Of them, 32.58\% of the responders were from the western region, and 25.76\% were from the central region, and there were statistically significant differences between all regions (p=0.000). The majority of the responders (90.88\%) were Saudi nationals. Small- (3.75) and medium-sized (3.13) sanitizers were the most used. In the case of disinfectants, the highest usage of disinfectants was Dettol (3.97) and Clorox (3.13), with statistically significant differences between the responses (p=0.000). The majority of the times when sanitizers or disinfectants were used during COVID-19 was after going out from the market (4.32), before entering the market (4.19), and during entering the house (4.13), with statistically significant differences between responses (p=0.000). Toilet (214 (54.31\%)) and a kitchen (208 (53.06\%)) were the sites with the majority of the responses, with statistically significant differences between responses (p\<0.001). Conclusion: Most people in Saudi Arabia use small sanitizers and phenolic and quaternary ammonium salt-containing disinfectants. There was malpractice of the sanitizer or disinfectant. Therefore, we highly recommend increasing the public{\textquoteright}s awareness about sanitizer and disinfectants used in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Disinfectants, Practice, Public, Sanitizer, Saudi Arabia., Usage, Utilization}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Basmah Sulimain AlHamdan and Sahar Obaid Alosaimi and Deema Abdullah Altuwayhir} } @article {110, title = {National Survey of Medication Safety Practice: Patient Information at Primary Healthcare Centers/Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {September 2018}, pages = {43-48}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {43}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore patient{\textquoteright}s information regarding national medication safety Practice At Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) and Community Pharmacies (CPs) in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey conducted on medication safety practice at PHCs and CPs in Riyadh city. In this study, the survey was adapted and modified from the Institution of Safe Medication Practice (ISMP) medication safety self-assessment for community/ambulatory pharmacy. It consists of a demographic section and 10 domains with 198 questions. The domains captured the following information: patient information; drug information; communication of drug orders and other drug information; drug labeling, packaging and nomenclature; use of medical devices; environmental factors; staff competency and education; patient education; quality processes; and risk management domain. The survey was conducted at the PHCs of the Ministry of Health and at CPs located in Riyadh city. This study is focused on the first domain, that is, patient information in PHCs and CPs in Riyadh city. Results: The survey was distributed to 13 PHCs and 23 CPs. The average {\textpm} Standard Deviation (SD) of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety practice at PHCs was 2.75{\textpm}0.36 (54.94 \%) (95\% confidence interval (95\% CI) = 2.55{\textendash}2.95; P\<0.05; range = 2.04{\textendash}3.38). The average {\textpm} SD score of all ISMP-self assessment items of medication safety practice at CPs was 3.14{\textpm}0.42 (62.86\%) (95\% CI = 2.90{\textendash}4.38; P\<0.05; range = 2.40{\textendash}.88). The average {\textpm} SD score of patient information at PHCs was 2.80{\textpm}0.467 (56 \%) (95\% CI = 2.54{\textendash}3.58; P\<0.05; range = 2.08{\textendash}3.45), whereas that of the CPs was 2.60{\textpm}0.667 (52 \%) (95\% CI = 2.23{\textendash}2.97; P\<0.05; range = 1.36{\textendash}3.96). Conclusion: The PHCs and PCs implemented almost half the of ISMP medication safety critical elements including the patient information related issue. Targeting to improve medication safety system at PHCs and CPs is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Community Pharmacy, Information, Medication, Patient, Primary Healthcare Center, Riyadh, Safety, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2018.4.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rana Mohammed Alslim and Manar Mohammed Alslim and Khulud Abdulrahman Alamoudi and Zainab Abdulmunem Almuallem and Adel Mehmas H. Alragas} }