@article {166, title = {Pharmacist Privilege in Saudi Arabia: Pharmacist Prescribing and Therapeutic Interchange}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {50-54}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {50}, abstract = {

Objectives: To survey the pharmacist privilege in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of pharmacists privilege in Saudi Arabia. The study consists of two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part comprises 28 questions divided into four domains. These domains were derived from the previous literature and from the standards and regulations described by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). The domains were privilege management and resources, pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange, clinical and administration privilege, drug monitoring and healthcare education. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with closeand open-ended questions to obtain responses. The questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the director of pharmacy of various hospitals, deputy director, pharmacy quality management, clinical pharmacy coordinators, or any pharmacist assigned on behalf of hospital{\textquoteright}s director of pharmacy. The study discussed and analyzed pharmacist privilege in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 36 hospitals. The pharmacist privilege of prescribing was available only at 12 (32.14\%) hospitals. over-the-counter (OTC) medications (19 (90.48\%)) and vitamins (14 (66.67\%)) were most of the medications with pharmacist privilege of prescribing followed by minerals (11 (52.38\%)) and electrolytes (10 (47.62\%)), whereas NSAIDs (23 (63.89\%)), Vitamins (19 (52.78\%)), electrolytes (17 (47.22\%)) and antihistamine (15 (41.67\%)) were through therapeutic interchange program. Most of the pharmacists prescribing medication was through ambulatory care clinic (19 (52.78\%)) and when prescription was cosigned by the physician (19 (52.78\%)). The average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital{\textquoteright}s computerized physician order entry (CPOE) was 3.17 (63.46\%), whereas the average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital{\textquoteright}s CPOE alerting system was 2.97 (59.46\%). Conclusion: In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, pharmacist privilege in prescribing medications is very low. Most of the medications prescribed by the pharmacist were OTC drugs. Thepharmacist privilege in the Computerized Physician Order Entry is not adequate. We highly recommend the implementation of a comprehensive pharmacist privilege system and regulations ed in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Interchange, Pharmacist, Prescribing, Privilege, Saudi Arabia, Therapeutic}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.9}, author = {Faisal Al-Otaibi and Mohamed Soliman Imam and Randa Mansour Abdel-Sattar Ahmed and Amsha Alotaibi and Asma Alotaibi and Amal Alotaibi and Wesam Alsuwaid and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {158, title = {Privileges of Pharmacist in Saudi Arabia: Administration and Management}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {7-12}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the privileges of pharmacists through the pharmacy administration and management in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey regarding the privileges of pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 28 questions divided into 4 domains. The questions were derived from previous literature and from the regulatory standards of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). The four domains were as follows: privilege management and resources, pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange, clinical and administration privilege and drug monitoring and healthcare education. The responses were obtained using a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions. The survey questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the hospital{\textquoteright}s director of pharmacy of each hospital in Saudi Arabia. In this study, we analyzed pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege in Saudi Arabia with regard to the pharmacy administration and management. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 36 hospitals. The administration-related elements of pharmacist privilege with maximum score were policies and procedures of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege (3.88 (77.6\%)) followed by the vision of pharmacist privilege (3.57 (71.4\%)) and pharmacist privilege in the job description (3.56 (71.2\%)). The average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital committees was 3.47 (69.40\%). Most of the committees having pharmacist privilege was the patient or medication safety committee (4.09 (81.8\%)) followed by the pharmacy and therapeutic committee (4.06 (81.2\%)) and quality management committee (4.06 (81.2\%)). The average score of pharmacist privilege in the teams was 3.44 (68.85\%). The majority of the teams having pharmacist privilege was antibiotics team (4.25 (85\%)) followed by anticoagulation team (3.86 (77.2\%)) and IV therapy team (3.81 (76.2\%)). Conclusion: The privileges of a pharmacists is inadequate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Future programs should target to improve the healthcare system and expand pharmacists{\textquoteright} role in the hospital practice. This might improve the pharmaceutical care services and patient outcomes and prevent drug-related problems and unnecessary economic expenditure on the healthcare practice in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Administration, Management, Pharmacist, Privileges, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.2}, author = {Faisal Al-Otaibi and Mohamed Soliman Imam and Randa Mansour Abdel-Sattar Ahmed and Amsha Alotaibi and Asma Alotaibi and Amal Alotaibi and Wesam Alsuwaid and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {159, title = {Privileges of Pharmacist in Saudi Arabia: Clinical and Administrative Activities}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {13-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {13}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the privileges of pharmacists through the clinical and administrative activities in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey regarding clinical and administrative privileges of pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part comprised a questionnaire with 28 questions divided into 4 domains. The questions were derived from previous literature and from the regulatory standards of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP). The four domains were as follows: privilege management and resources, pharmacist prescribing and therapeutic interchange, clinical and administration privilege and drug monitoring and healthcare education. The responses were obtained using a 5-point Likert response scale system with close- and open-ended questions. The survey questionnaire was distributed in an electronic format to the director of pharmacy of each hospital in Saudi Arabia. In this study, we analyzed pharmacist{\textquoteright}s privilege in Saudi Arabia with regard to the clinical and administrative activities. All data were obtained through the Survey Monkey system. Results: The survey was distributed to 36 hospitals. The average score of pharmacist privilege in the hospital pharmacy practice program was 3.16 (63.13\%). Most of the pharmacy practice programs having pharmacist privilege were nonformulary requests (3.69 (73.8\%)), patient counseling (3.60 (72\%)) and medication errors preventing and monitoring (3.58 (71.6\%)). The average score of clinical privilege for a pharmacist was 2.95 (58.97\%). The maximum score of clinical privileges for a pharmacist were to answer questions from all healthcare professionals (3.83 (76.6\%)), to decrease drug dosing (3.47 (69.4\%)) and to change drug strength (3.4 (68\%)). The average score of pharmacist administration privilege was 3.14 (62.75\%). The administration privileges for pharmacists were to conduct educational courses (3.81 (76.2\%)) followed by to setup vision and mission (3.71 (74.20\%)) and to conduct training programs (3.64 (72.80\%)). Conclusion: The clinical and administrative privileges of a pharmacist is not well established in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Most of the clinical and administrative privileges were regular and primary duties. Therefore, it is important to update the policies and procedures of clinical and administrative privileges given to a pharmacist with more engagement in the pharmacy practice. These practices are highly recommended in order to improve pharmaceutical care implementation at hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Activities, Administrative, Clinical, Pharmacist, Privileges, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.3}, author = {Faisal Al-Otaibi and Mohamed Soliman Imam and Randa Mansour Abdel-Sattar Ahmed and Amsha Alotaibi and Asma Alotaibi and Amal Alotaibi and Wesam Alsuwaid and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} }