@article {141, title = {Analysis of Antimicrobial Medications Consumption in Inpatient Units at North West (Tabuk) Region Hospitals, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {130-134}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {130}, abstract = {

Background: This article aims to explore antimicrobial medication consumption and related cost among different age groups in inpatient units at North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, and Saudi Arabia. Objectives: To explore the selected antimicrobial medication consumption in inpatient units at North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. To increase the awareness of antimicrobial medication consumption side effect. Methods: It is a 9-month study about antimicrobial drug use by inpatients at North West region hospitals. It included inpatient department for adults, pediatrics and neonates. The medications were selected by Central Antibiotics committee at MOH as part of the National Antimicrobial Stewardship program. The consumption is driven from pharmacy database and calculated based on off-stranded unit of antimicrobial per hospital. The antimicrobials consisted of antibacterial drugs, antifungal and antiviral medications. The cost of antimicrobial consumption was calculated by using Ministry of Health National Cost database. All cost used as US currency. Results: The total number of Antimicrobial standard units was (25,845) and average (5,169) per hospital. The highest drug consumption was Ceftriaxone 1 gm injection (3,712) followed by Ceftazidime 1 gm injection (1807) and Gentamicin IV 80 mg (1,011) at adult{\textquoteright}s inpatient wards. The total cost of Antimicrobial consumption was (6,829,003.42 USD) and (1,365,800.68 USD) per hospital. The highest cost medication consumption from Adults inpatient departments was 99.62\% (6,803,229.92 USD) followed by pediatrics inpatient 0.24\% (16,087.6 USD) and Neonatal inpatient departments 0.14\% (9,685.9 USD). The highest medication cost was for very broad-spectrum antibiotics like Meropenem, Imipenem and Ceftriaxone. It consumed more than 50\% of the cost burden. Conclusion: There was very high consumption of antimicrobial drugs inpatient department with huge cost burden. Urgent application of antimicrobial stewardship program especially adults{\textquoteright} inpatients departments is a mandate and urgent.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Consumption, Hospitals, Inpatient, Medications, Ministry of Health, North West (Tabuk), Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.24}, author = {Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghormallah Abdullah Alghamdi and Rasha Saad Alshahrani} } @article {122, title = {Inpatient Medication Errors and Pharmacist Intervention at Ministry of Health Public Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {44-48}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the inpatient medication errors and pharmacist intervention at Ministry of Health Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 9-month cross-sectional study conducted at a 300-bed public hospital to evaluate pharmacist response and prevention of inpatient medication errors in adult and pediatric patients. There is a medication safety officer in the hospital along with a medication safety committee. The following information on medication errors were documented in the form available at the hospital: patient{\textquoteright}s demographic information, sources of medication errors, time of errors, type of errors, description of errors, causes of errors, recommendation to prevent such errors and the outcome of errors. The form was developed by using the National Coordinating Council (NCC) for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (MERP) system. Results: According to the results, the pharmacist prevented a total of 3089 medication errors within 805 patients. About 3.8 errors per prescription were prevented. Most of the prevention occurred during prescribing stage (705 (99.2\%)). Patient-related errors (1564 (50.63\%)) and prescriber-related errors (1435 (46.46\%)) were the most type of prevented errors. Allergy was the most prevented subtype of errors (560 (91.4\%)) followed by patient{\textquoteright}s body weight (543 (88.6\%)) and prescriber data missing/unclear (347 (56.6\%)). Most of the errors that were prevented were near miss (93.3\%) followed by 6.3\% of the errors that reached the patient but did not cause any harm. The highest percentage with respect to the causes of medication errors was missing clinical information (649 (83.7\%)) and miscommunication of drug order (627 (80.9\%)). The top 20 medications involved in medication errors were oral and intravenous injections (Paracetamol and enoxaparin injection, respectively). Conclusion: The pharmacist plays a very crucial role in preventing medication errors. In order to prevent medication errors and improve patient outcome, the pharmacist provides education to the healthcare professional about medication safety and establishes the intravenous medication guidelines.

}, keywords = {Inpatient, Intervention, Medication errors, Ministry of Health, Pharmacist, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nesreen Alshabaar and Nadia Lubad and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} }