@article {217, title = {Cost Analysis of Combined Emergency and Outpatient Pharmacy Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {19-25}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to declare the cost of combined outpatient and emergency pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional questionnairebased study. We used an electronic survey with a judgment sampling system to obtain responses. The structured questionnaire consisted of two parts written in English and Arabic. The first part collected demographic information of the responders based on multiple-choice questions. The second part contains questions for measuring the personal cost, overhead cost for the place, and the equipment used for pharmaceutical services in the combined outpatient and emergency pharmacy, the cost of purchased materials and supplies, and non-salary cost. All costs used US dollar currency. The data were collected through the SurveyMonkey system and analyzed via Microsoft Excel version 2020. Results: The total of judgment responders was nine directors of pharmacy. For more than six years, most pharmacy directors had experience in an emergency pharmacy, outpatient pharmacy, and pharmacy administration. A total of 100{\textendash}199 occupational beds were present (33.33\%), followed by \<50 beds (22.22\%) and 400{\textendash}499 beds (22.22\%). The total daily cost of combined OPD pharmacy and emergency services was (2336.01) USD, whereas the daily cost of OPD pharmacy was (1424.97) USD. Therefore, the daily cost of emergency pharmacy services was (911.04) USD. The majority of the daily cost for combined OPD pharmacy and emergency services came from personal cost of (1526.68) USD (65.35\%) and overhead cost of (695.39) USD (29.77\%). The cost of preparation and dispensing at OPD pharmacy was (13.32) USD, which is the average cost per medication dispensed from OPD pharmacy. In comparison, the preparation and dispensing cost at the emergency pharmacy was 5.2 USD, the average cost per medication. Conclusion: This study explored the cost analysis of combined OPD and emergency pharmacy services. Therefore, we highly recommend reducing the daily cost of pharmacy services needed to implement new ambulatory care and emergency activities or Saudi Managed Care Pharmacy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Combined, Cost, Emergency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabi, Outpatient, Pharmacy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.3}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Asma Saqer Alamri and Raghad Abdulaziz Alasmari and Bandar Awwadh Alosaimi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {216, title = {Cost Analysis of Individual Outpatient and Emergency Pharmacy Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {12-18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the cost of Individual outpatient and emergency pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a descriptive analysis crosssectional and questionnaire-based study. We used an electronic survey questionnaire with a judgment sampling system to obtain responses. The structured questionnaire consisted of two parts written in English and Arabic. The first part collected the demographic information of the responders based on multiple-choice questions. The second part contained questions for measuring the personal cost, including the salary cost of a head of ambulatory care or outpatient pharmacist, a clinical pharmacist working at ambulatory care, pharmacist and pharmacy technician, and secretary and porter per hour. The cost was calculated for the preparation time of each medication. The total costs of the place{\textquoteright}s overhead cost and cost of equipment used for the outpatient and emergency pharmacy services. Furthermore, the purchased materials and supplies and the non-salary cost were calculated. All costs were used in the US dollar currency. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Microsoft Excel version 2020. Results: The total of judgment responders was six directors of pharmacy. Five were responsible for outpatient pharmacy services, and one was responsible for emergency pharmacy. The majority of the outpatient and emergency pharmacy directors had work experience as pharmacy administrators for more than four years. The total cost of outpatient pharmacy services was 1581.95 USD, whereas the cost of emergency pharmacy services was 729.86 USD. The majority of the cost came from personnel cost from the outpatient pharmacy (1288.15 USD, 81.43\%) followed by emergency pharmacy (465.28 USD, 63.75\%) and material and supply cost (205 USD, 13.01\%) at the outpatient pharmacy and emergency pharmacy services (228.89 USD, 31.36\%). Conclusion: This study conducted the cost analysis of separate outpatient and emergency pharmacy services. Standardized pharmacy administrative and clinical activities are required, and we recommend more additional studies with a large sample size in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cost, Emergency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Outpatient, Pharmacy, Separate}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.2}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Raghad Abdulaziz Alasmari and Asma Saqer Alamri and Bandar Awwadh Alosaimi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {218, title = {Cost Analysis of Separate Location of Emergency and Ambulatory Care Pharmacy Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {37-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the cost of separated locations of emergency and outpatient pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a descriptive, crosssectional, and questionnaire-based study. We used an electronic survey with a judgment sampling system to obtain responses. The structured questionnaire consisted of two parts written in English and Arabic languages. The first part collected demographic information of the respondents based on multiple-choice questions. The second part contains questions for measuring the personal cost, the salary of outpatient supervisor, the clinical pharmacist working at outpatient, pharmacist and pharmacy technician, secretary and Porter per hour, in addition to the cost calculation preparation time of each medication, the total prices of the overhead cost for the place, and cost of all equipment used for the emergency services. Furthermore, the cost of purchased materials and supplies plus non-salary cost. Face and content validation had been done through an expert reviewer. In addition, a pilot study was conducted by sending the questionnaire to some hospitals to confirm the validity of the questionnaire and the absence of incomprehensible or misleading questions. Data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Microsoft Excel software version 2020. Results: The total of judgment responders was 14 directors of pharmacy. Most pharmacy directors experienced emergency pharmacy, outpatient pharmacy, and pharmacy administrators six years and above. OPD pharmacy services{\textquoteright} total cost was (3509.64 USD) while the emergence pharmacy services were (1068.02 USD). The majority of the cost came from personal cost from OPD pharmacy 2542.63 USD (72.45\%) vs. emergency pharmacy 826.4 USD (77.36\%), and overhead cost 656.01 USD (18.69\%) at OPD pharmacy while 144.93 USD (13.57\%\%) emergency pharmacy. Conclusion: The cost analysis of nonintegrated outpatient pharmacies and emergency services was high. Therefore, we highly recommend implementing new clinical pharmacy activities or switching to the Saudi managed care pharmacy model in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ambulatory care, Cost, Emergency, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Pharmacy, Separated}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.5}, author = {Mona Yaser Alsheikh and Bandar Awwadh Alosaimi and Raghad Abdulaziz Alasmari and Asma Saqer Alamri and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {146, title = {Cost Analysis of Delivery Adult Medication Therapy Services at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S1-S3}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S1}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the cost analysis of drug delivery therapy services for adults{\textquoteright} population at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia by using American Model with local cost. Methods: It is a cross-sectional 6-months analysis of drug distribution services for adult patients conducted in 2016. It was at 300-bed maternity and pediatrics hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The cost calculated adults drug therapy management services delivered to 144 beds. The physician prescribed the medications. The pharmacist reviewed and prepared drugs and distributed through the unit dose system, floor stock distribution and discharge medication services. The fast-moving oral and topical medications were included in the study. The cost model was calculated based on variable expenses including personal cost, material and supply cost. The fixed cost was including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All cost was used of US dollar currency and local prices. Results: The estimated cost of drug delivery therapy services for all total number adults{\textquoteright} beds per day was (1,191.965 USD). It contained three types; the unit dose system (761.35 USD), drug floor stock distribution system (334.99 USD) and discharge medication system (95.62 USD). The cost of delivery of medicines to single bed per day was (13.99 USD) with the highest estimated cost of delivery from discharge medication (6.37 USD), followed by unit dose services (5.29 USD) and floor stock therapy (2.33 USD). The total estimated annual expenditures of drug distribution services were (435,067.15 USD). Conclusion: In this adults medication therapy services cost-estimation the first study was conducted at MOH in Saudi Arabia. It is an essential necessary element of the Pharmacoeconomic program and implements Saudi{\textquoteright}s future vision 2030 for drug therapy health care services.

}, keywords = {Adult, Cost, Delivery, Distrubution, Medication, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Services, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.28}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Tahani Alotaibi} } @article {149, title = {Cost Analysis of Neonatal Drug Distribution Services at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S17-S19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S17}, abstract = {

Objectives: The cost estimation of delivery of drug therapy management (unit dose, floor stock and discharge) for neonatal inpatient is a part of the pharmacoeconomic program and changing the system to the Saudi vision 2030 at MOH in Saudi Arabia. The study explored the cost calculations of delivery of drug therapy services for neonate{\textquoteright}s population by using American Model with local cost. Methods: It is cross-sectional 6-months analysis of drug distribution services for neonate patients conducted in 2016. It was at 300-Bed Maternity and Pediatrics Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The cost analysis consisted of three domains. Domain one; the cost of delivery of Adults drug therapy management with 144 beds. Domain two; the cost of delivery of pediatrics drug treatment services with 55 beds. Domain three; cost of delivery for neonate{\textquoteright}s therapy services with 82 beds. For each domain, the physician prescribed the medications. The pharmacist reviewed and prepared drugs and distributed through unit dose system, floor stock distribution and discharge medications. The nurse administered drugs and followed up with doctors. The drugs were prepared through ASHP standards and facilities. The oral and topical ready to deliver drugs were included in the study while sterile product and compounding formulations were excluded from the study. The cost was derived from Ministry of Health information database. The cost model was calculated based on variable expenses including personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All cost was used US dollar currency and local prices. This study analyses the three domains. Results: The estimated daily cost of neonatal unit dose drug distribution system for all total pediatrics 82 beds was (1,303.31 US). It contained three types; the unit dose system (794.83 USD), drug floor stock distribution system (371.37 USD) and discharge medication system (137.11 USD). The cost of delivery of medicines to single bed per day was (41.64 USD) with highest estimated cost of delivery from discharge medication (27.42 USD), followed by unit dose services (9.69 USD) and floor stock therapy (4.53 USD). The majority of cost came from overhead cost in floor stock services and discharge medication delivery; while the personal cost in unit dose services delivery. The total estimated annual expenditures of drug distribution services were (475,708.15 USD). Conclusion: The estimated cost of delivery of neonatal medication therapy is a part of the pharmacoeconomic program at pharmacy services and future vision 2030 in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Analysis, Cost, Distribution, Drug, Ministry of Health, Neonatal, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.32}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Tahani Alotaibi and Awatif Faraj Alshammari and Nouf Alhaze} } @article {150, title = {Cost of Pediatrics Drug Therapy Services at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S9-S11}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S9}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the estimation cost of delivery drug therapy services for pediatrics by using American Model with local cost in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-sectional 6-months analysis of drug distribution services for pediatric conducted in 2016. It was at 300-bed maternity and pediatrics Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The cost was calculated pediatrics drug therapy management services delivered to 55 beds. The physician prescribed the medications. The pharmacist reviewed and prepared drugs and distributed through unit dose system, floor stock distribution and discharge medications services. The medications were prepared through ASHP standards and facilities. The fast moving oral and topical medications were included in the study. The cost model was calculated based on variable expenses including personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed cost was including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All cost was used of US dollar currency and local prices. Results: The estimated cost of delivery of drug therapy services for all total number pediatrics beds per day was (1,214.68 USD). It consisted of three types; the unit dose system (771.89 USD), drug floor stock distribution system (350.32 USD) and discharge medication services (92.47 USD). The majority of cost came from overhead cost in floor stock services and discharge medication delivery; compared to the personal cost in unit dose services delivery. The total estimated annual expenditures of Drug distribution services were (443,358.20 USD). The highest budget expenditures from unit dose services 63.55\% (281,739.85 USD), followed by floor stock medication delivery 28.84\% (127,866.80 USD) and discharge drug therapy 7.61\% (33,751.55 USD). Conclusion: The estimation cost of delivery pediatrics drug therapy is the first study in the Middle East, Gulf countries and Saudi Arabia. It is basic element of cost calculation of pediatrics-related health care services.

}, keywords = {Cost, Drug, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Services, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.30}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Tahani Alotaibi and Awatif Faraj Alshammari and Nouf Alhaze} } @article {148, title = {Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Medication Safety Program at Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, East Province, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S12-S16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S12}, abstract = {

Objectives: Medication safety program initiated at East Province of Ministry of Health in 2013. The pharmacist prevents all drug related problems. To improve continuity of care at hospital admission, discharge and to diminution medication errors medication safety programs are established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the Medication Safety program at the hospital in East province, Saudi Arabia by using International Study Model. Methods: This cross-sectional study with a 12-month recruitment period was conducted in a 500-bed Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital through preventing and documentation of medication errors in adults and pediatrics at Ministry of Health hospitals in 2015. The hospital had medication safety officer with medication safety committee. The program led by trained pharmacist and delivered basic patient safety in medical education to all healthcare professionals. The expected cost calculated using International Study Model, expressed in United State Dollars (USD), the cost measured were the expected results of medication errors outcome if not stopped; starting from ambulatory care visit or community pharmacy, additional laboratory test, hospital or critical care admission or even death complications. Results: The total number of prevented medication errors were 2071 at 827 prescribed to 827 patients with an estimated cost avoidance of avoiding medication was (116,228.41 USD) annually. The most estimated cost avoidance was prescriber related and general errors was 99.12\% (115.201.9 USD). The pharmacist avoided medication errors with estimated cost avoidance of drug related problem (140.54 USD) per each prescription and (56.12 USD) per error. The most common categories of medications cost avoidance were Musculoskeletal and joint disease (8,397.2 USD) followed by Infections (5,731.17 USD) and Nutrition class (4,717.99 USD). The highest drug of cost avoidance were Insulin injection (39,964.32 USD), iron tablet (11,526.9 USD) folic acid tablet (11,526.9 USD) and calcium tablet (11,526.9 USD) and Enoxaparin injection (9,637.02 USD). There were three high-risk medication founded with Insulin, Enoxaparin and Heparin errors with (42.9\%) of annual total cost avoidance. Conclusion: Medication safety program is a cost-efficiency replication at Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in Saudi Arabia, prevents medication misadventures, improve patient safety and education. Growing drug safety program related with preventing drug-related problems and cost avoidance replication for Healthcare improvement, better care and better patient consequences.

}, keywords = {Cost, Efficiency, Medication, Ministry of Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.31}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Ahmad Alanazi and Mohammed Mohsen Almaznai and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} }