@article {235, title = {Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern: Pharmacy Staff Knowledge about Antibiotics at Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {1-10}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare pharmacy staff knowledge of the rational use of antibiotics at primary health care centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Self-administered Questionnaires were distributed to fifty-six pharmacy staff (pharmacists and pharmacy technicians) from randomly selected twentyfive primary health care centers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire included demographic information and 14 closed-ended questions about the rational usage of antibiotics. Results: All the fiftysix pharmacy staff responded to the survey with a response rate of 100\%. The responders consisted of having a Diploma in pharmacy (28 (50\%)), a Bachelor{\textquoteright}s in pharmacy (27 (48.2\%)), and one (1.8\%) postgraduated pharmacist. Most pharmacy technicians were female, 18 (32.1\%) vs. 10 (17.9\%) male, with non-statistically significant differences between them (p=0.131), while the pharmacists were female 22 (39.3\%) vs. male 5 (8.9\%) with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.001). There is insufficient knowledge of the rational use of antibiotics among pharmacy technicians and pharmacists respondents. All pharmacy technicians and pharmacists in the study knew that antibiotics are mainly used for bacterial infections. However, many pharmacy technician and pharmacist participants did not know that antibiotics are ineffective for viral and fungal infections (25\% and 14.3\% for pharmacy technicians, respectively) vs. (16.1, and 17.9\% for pharmacists, respectively). There was no difference in the mean knowledge of antibiotic prescription among respondents, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacists. Furthermore, the respondents had no statistically different knowledge regarding age, gender, and working experience (p\>0.05). However, the age factor might play a significant role in antibiotics knowledge for pharmacy technicians only. Conclusion: The primary health care centers Pharmacy staff (pharmacy technicians and pharmacists){\textquoteright} knowledge of antibiotics rational usages was insufficient. Targeting training and educating about antibiotics generally emphasize antimicrobial resistance risks are highly recommended.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Knowledge, Pharmacy, Primary Healthcare Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.1}, author = {Zainab Albahouth and Samia Zaben Almurshadi and Hind Nasser Altamimi and Tarfah Sultan Binjerais and Abdulaziz Hussain Alhussain and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {236, title = {Voluntary/Charitable Pharmaceutical Care Knowledge in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {9}, year = {2023}, month = {November 2023}, pages = {11-19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge about voluntary or charitable pharmaceutical care in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey discussing pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge about voluntary or charitable pharmaceutical care services in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and general information about charity pharmacy practice, pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about voluntary or charitable pharmaceutical care services, and voluntary or charitable pharmacy practice resources. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. The data analysis of the pharmacist knowledge of charity pharmacies is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 578 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Onehalf of the responders knew about pharmacy volunteering activities 230 (57.09\%). Most pharmacists did not participate in the volunteering activities because they did not have time for it 197 (41.21\%), they did not need it 141 (29.50\%), and they did not take any educational or training 120 (25.10\%), or volunteering activities is difficult to understand 105 (21.97\%). Less than one-half of responders only know where to go if they want to participate in Charity Pharmacy at their work 243 (42.26\%) or participate in Charity Pharmacy outside their work 259 (44.97\%). The average score of level knowledge of the pharmacy volunteer was (3.44). The element {\textquotedblleft}Vision and mission of Charity Pharmacy{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.81). The average score of the level information of the resources about charity pharmacies was (3.52). The resources of the {\textquotedblleft}Governmental sector{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.71), followed by {\textquotedblleft}General medical or health society{\textquotedblright} (3.59). Conclusion: The average knowledge of pharmacy professionals of charitable pharmaceuticals care services was insufficient. Therefore, targeting awareness and training programs about charitable pharmacy services is highly suggested to improve learning and participation in the future.

}, keywords = {Charitable, Knowledge, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmacist, Saudi Arabia., Voluntary}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2023.9.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {231, title = {Public Knowledge of Herbal Medicine for Respiratory Viral Infection in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {8}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {123-128}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {123}, abstract = {

Aim: This survey analysis investigated indevisuals{\textquoteright} knowledge of herbal medications to treat common respiratory viral infections. Methods: A self-administered, structured questionnaire was sent to the public online, including questions on the responders{\textquoteright} demographics and questions about different herbal medications and their use to treat viral respiratory infections. Data analysis was executed through the survey SPSS program. Results: Four hundred eighty-six individuals responded to this questionnaire; 89.92\% of the responders were from the west area, and 56.49\% were in the age group between 18 and 30. The most herbal medications used for respiratory viral infections was honey 364 (78.79\%), and lemon juice 327 (71.24\%), followed by Ginger 288 (64.43\%) and Mint 292 (64.04\%\%) While the least herbal medicine used was Sambucus nigra 26 (6.09\%) and Licorice 26 (6.68\%). The most herbal medicine not known among responders was Sambucus nigra 147 (34.43\%), Sugarcane 136 (31.48\%), and Radish 135 (31.47\%\%). Herbal medicines usages were significantly higher among males, except for cloves and miswak; their use was significantly higher among females. Retired individuals (p value\<0.001), high income (p-value\<0.001), non-healthcare professionals (p-value=0.003), age group between 51 to 60 years old (p-value\<0.001), married individuals (p-value\<0.001) all had higher knowledge level about herbal medications use in viral respiratory infections. The survey{\textquoteright}s reliability was tested by Mac 0.96, Cronbach 0.958, Gultman 2 0.961, and Gultman 6 0.973. Conclusion: The level of knowledge about herbal medicine use among individuals in Saudi Arabia is inadequate. Awareness of the general public about herbal medications should be improved.

}, keywords = {Herbal medications, Knowledge, Respiratory infections, Saudi Arabia, Viral}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2022.8.16}, author = {Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Murouj Almaghrabi and Ghadeer Alhazmi and Menwer Tashan Zaid Alanazi and Mohammad Almatrafi and Ghaida Alzahrani} } @article {188, title = {Dentist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of Essential Drug Information Resources in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {17-22}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the knowledge of dentists regarding drug information resources in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional study exploring the knowledge of dentists about drug information resources in Saudi Arabia. This is a self-reported electronic survey of dentists. The questionnaire contained two parts. The first section collected demographic data of the responders. In contrast, the second section collected information about dentists{\textquoteright} essential knowledge about dental drug information resources, knowledge of the selected 12 dental drug information books, and their preferred 17 websites containing dental drug information resources. We used 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses to the close-ended questions. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and were analyzed using SPSS and Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 260 dentists responded to the survey. Of them, 153 (59.30\%) were male, and 105 (40.7\%) were female, which was statistically significant (p\<0.003). The majority of the responders (257 (98.85\%)) were in 24{\textendash}35 years. Almost half of the responders were interns (135 (51.92\%)) followed by residents (63 (24.23\%)) and as General Practitioner with (62 (23.85\%)), which was statistically significant (p\<0.001). The average score of dentist knowledge about dental drug information resources was 1.80, and the highest score was recorded for knowledge of the concept of dental drug information resources. The average dental knowledge score of dental drug information resources was 1.80, which was statistically significant (p\<0.5). The majority of the responders (80.70\%) were not familiar with dental drug information books. In contrast, the best resources known by the responders were Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (55 (21.24\%)) and ADA Dental Drug Handbook (54 (20.77\%)). The majority of the responders (74.30\%) were not familiar with the websites related to dental drug information resources. In comparison, the most frequently used resources by the responders were the World Health Organization (WHO) (137 (52.69\%)) and Ministry of Health websites (137 (52.69\%)). Conclusion: The responders had insufficient knowledge about the available dental drug information resources, including books and websites. Targeting to improve dentist knowledge of dental drug information resources is required in Saudi Arabia through dental schools, and pharmacists play a critical role in dental education.

}, keywords = {Dentist, Drug Information, Knowledge, Resources, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anwar Mouslim Alshammari and Hanin Sumaydan Saleam Aljohani} } @article {189, title = {Dentist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of Evidence-based Dentistry and Digital Applications Resources in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {23-27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {23}, abstract = {

Objectives: Drug information resources provide clinicians with safer use of medications and play a vital role in improving drug safety. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has become essential to medical practice; however, EBM is still an emerging dentistry concept. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore dentists{\textquoteright} knowledge about evidence-based dentistry resources in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional study conducted to analyze dentists{\textquoteright} knowledge about evidencebased dentistry resources in Saudi Arabia. We included dentists from interns to consultants and those across all dentistry specialties and located in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information and knowledge of resources on dental drugs. The knowledge of evidence-based dental care and knowledge of dental drug information applications. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Moreover, various reliability tests had been done with the study. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) and Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 260 dentists responded to the survey. Of them, 51\% were interns, 85\% as dental staff with three years or less experience by 88.46\%. The results showed that most responders (56.76\%) did not know that the Evidence-Based Dentistry (EBD) database is a part of the drug information resource. Their institution does not establish it. Almost half of the responders (48.23\%) were not familiar with the digital application of dental drug information resources. The average knowledge of dentists regarding EBD drug information resources was 48\%. Furthermore, the majority of the resources that the dentists frequently accessed were MEDLINE/PubMed (77.69\%), American College of Physicians (www. acponline.org/ clinical information/ guidelines/) (73 (28.08\%), and Guideline.gov (www.guideline.gov) (71 (27.31\%). Conclusion: There was inadequate knowledge of evidence-based dentistry of drug information resources in Saudi Arabia. Implementation of these findings is vital for optimizing patient outcomes, improving clinical practice, and patient care.

}, keywords = {Dentist, Digital Application, Evidence-based Dentistry, Knowledge, Resources, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anwar Mouslim Alshammari and Hanin Sumaydan Saleam Aljohani} } @article {211, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Scientific Publications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {115-125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {115}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about scientific publications in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, we analyzed pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about scientific publications in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists from interns to consultants and specialists. The survey collected demographic information of the responders and their knowledge of selected research paper elements in a scientific journal. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with closeended questions to obtain responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) and Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 543 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-quarter of the participants responded from the central region (155 (28.55\%)), followed by the eastern region (133 (24.49\%)), with statistically significant differences between all regions (p=0.000). Females responded more (321 (59.12\%)) than that of males (222 (40.88\%)). The majority of the responders were Saudi nationals (351 (64.64\%)), followed by non-Saudi nationals (192 (35.36\%)), with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.000). The average score for knowledge of pharmacists about writing a section in the research article was 4.07, with high scores obtained for the elements {\textquotedblleft}knowledge of the abstract section{\textquotedblright} (4.51) and {\textquotedblleft}knowledge of the Introduction section{\textquotedblright} (4.47), with statistically significant between all responses (p=0.000). The average score for knowledge of pharmacists about various study designs in the manuscript was 3.36, with high scores obtained for the elementary knowledge of cohort study (3.59), case series (3.59), observational study, and Letters to the editor (3.49), with statistically significant differences between responses (p=0.000). The average score for knowledge of pharmacists about journal indexing database was (3.17), with high scores obtained for the elementary knowledge of the Google Scholar (3.78), PubMed (3.60), and Index Medicus (3.43). The scores for the reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was (0.843), Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α was (0.847), Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was (0.888), Gutmann{\textquoteright}s was λ6 (0.985), and Greater Lower Bound was (0.994). Conclusion: Pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about writing research sections, study design, and journal indexing database for scientific publications in Saudi Arabia was varied. Therefore, we highly recommend improving pharmacists{\textquoteright} training and education during graduation to improve patients{\textquoteright} pharmaceutical care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Pharmacist, Saudi Arabia., Scientific Publications}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Juman saad Mohammad Alsaab and Razan Alshehri and Khawla Ibrahim Al-shahrani} } @article {207, title = {Public Knowledge of Hand Sanitizers and Disinfectants in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {86-94}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {86}, abstract = {

Objectives: Hand sanitizers and disinfectants have been commonly used during epidemic and pandemic situations. Despite the proven efficacy and safety of sanitizers and disinfectants, the publics{\textquoteright} knowledge about their use is still controversial. In this survey, we aimed to investigate the knowledge of the public about the use of hand sanitizer and disinfectants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Design and Setting: A self-administered structured questionnaire was sent to the public via online mode. It collected demographic information and collected information about different hand sanitizers and disinfectants and their general knowledge on such products, contraindications, and storage information during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected through the Survey monkey program. Results: A total of 402 participants responded to the questionnaire. Of them, 32.58\% were from the western region, and 25.76\% were from the central area, and there were statistically significant differences between different regions (p=0.000). Based on nationality, 90.88\% of Saudi nationals responded to the questionnaire. In addition, 65.17\% of the responders were female, with statistically significant differences (p=0.000). The most prevalent age group was between 18 and 29 years (50.25\%), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average general knowledge score was 3.90emphasizing the medication administration (4.40) and frequency of usage (4.25). The average score of contraindication knowledge was 2.91. The feature most known by the public was the general side reaction that appears during use (3.21), and usage of the medication with other drugs is forbidden (3.04). The average score for the knowledge of storage was 3.45. The part most known by the patient was the storage of the sanitizer or disinfectant at room temperature (3.91) and sanitizer or disinfectant prices in general (3.58). Conclusion: The knowledge about storage of sanitizers and disinfectants among the public in Saudi Arabia was satisfactory; however, the knowledge about contraindications was insufficient. Therefore, we recommend increasing the general public{\textquoteright}s awareness about sanitizers and disinfectants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Disinfectants, Knowledge, Public, Sanitizer, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2021.7.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Basmah Sulimain AlHamdan and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Sahar Obaid Alosaimi and Deema Abdullah Altuwayhir} } @article {176, title = {Reliability and Validity of Biostatical Analysis used for Pharmacy Research Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {96-104}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {96}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare reliability and validity of Biostatical Analysis used for Pharmacy Research Survey in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the research team. It{\textquoteright}s based on the updated literature, national and international accreditation standards organizations. The Internal consistency, reliability through inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, Split half reliability (Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6) and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha. The validity contained of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52\%). The among responders were males [108 (61.77\%)] and females [101 (48.33\%)]. The three tests had been done with reliability of 31 questions. The completed responders (185) (mean {\textpm} SD) was 3.236 {\textpm} 0.326 and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were 0.980, 0.980 and 0.990, respectively with CI 95\% (0.975-0.983) and inter-item coloration was 0.607, while the item-total coloration \>0.53 and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 value if deleted was \>0.97. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of sampling adequacy was 0.966 and Bartlett{\textquoteright}s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was \<0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions was \>0.57, the related components were four of all 31 questions in four components as suggested. They were not confirmed by confirmatory with statistically significant (p\<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot and pathway analysis and fit not with the original survey changed to 3 factor loading. The confirmatory factor index was (0.761), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was (0.737), Goodness of fit index (GFI) was (0.844) and expected cross validation index (ECVI) (9.029). The collinearity of 23 questions was autocorrelation (2.609e -5) with not statistically significant (p=0.951). The majority of 23 question had Enjuone value close to number 1, while 11 questions had condition index more than 30. All of the 23 questions had The Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 except four questions and had tolerance more than 0.1 except four questions. Conclusion: The reliability and validity related to the corrected survey of biostatistics analysts used in pharmaceutical research in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were high. The pharmacy practice was properly used in further future research in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Biostatical Analysis, Knowledge, Pharmacy, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Survey, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ismail Hassan Amer Abu Rayah} } @article {161, title = {Reliability and Validity of EBM Resources of Pharmacy Research Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {25-32}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare reliability and validity of EBM Resources Knowledge used for Pharmacy Research Survey in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the researcher team. It{\textquoteright}s based on the updated literature, national and international accreditation standards organizations. The internal consistency reliability through, inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, split half reliability (Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6) and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha. The validity contained of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52\%). The responders were males 108 (61.77\%) and females 101 (48.33\%). The three tests had been done with reliability of 16 questions. The completed number of responders (200) (mean {\textpm} SD) was 3.179 {\textpm} 0.436, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were 0.967, 0.966 and 0.976, respectively, inter-item coloration was 0.719, the item-total coloration \>0.7, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 value if deleted was \>0.97. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of sampling adequacy was 0.941 and Bartlett{\textquoteright}s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was \<0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions were \>0.58, the related components were one of the rotated component matrix \>0.59 of all 16 questions in component 1 as suggested. They were established by confirmatory with statistically significant (p\<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot, pathway analysis and fit with the original survey. The confirmatory factor index was 0.862, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was 0.841, Goodness of fit index (GFI) was 0.906 and Expected cross validation index (ECVI) was 3.270. The collinearity of 16 questions was the auto-correlation was 0.066 with not statically significant (p=0.317). The majority of 16 questions had Enjuone value close to number 1, while 3 questions only had condition index more than 30. All of the 16 questions had The Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 and had tolerance more than 0.1. Conclusion: The pharmacist survey knowledge of evidence-based medicine resources for pharmacy practice and distributed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia had high reliability and validity scale level. The pharmacy researcher can utilized surveys with an adequate number of sample sizes with further research in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {EBM, Knowledge, Pharmacy, Reliability, Research, Resources, Saudi Arabia, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ebtissam Mohammad Badawoud} } @article {169, title = {Reliability and Validity of Pharmacy Research Knowledge Questionnaire in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {PTB Reports}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {66-75}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {66}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare reliability and validity of pharmacy research knowledge survey in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-section survey developed by the authors and the researcher team. It{\textquoteright}s based on the updated literature and national and international accreditation standards organizations. The internal consistency reliability through, inter-rater reliability, item-item coloration, item-total coloration, split half reliability (Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6), McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω and Cronbach alpha. The validity contained of face content validity, construct validity through exploratory factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. All analysis had been done through Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Statistical Package of Social Sciences-Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-Amos) and Jeffrey{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results: A total of 209 pharmacists responded. The majority of responders were Saudi 185 (88.52\%). The among responders were males 108 (61.77\%) and females 101 (48.33\%). The three tests had been done with reliability of 21 questions. The completed number of responders (188) (mean{\textpm}SD) was 3.179 {\textpm} 0.436 and McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were 0.983, 0.983 and 0.988, respectively with CI 95\% (0.979-0.986) and the item-total coloration \>0.7, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 value if deleted was \>0.98. By using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was (0.966) and Bartlett{\textquoteright}s test of sphericity with approximate chi-square was \<0.001. The commonalities extraction for all questions were \>0.583, the related components were one with the rotated component matrix \>0.763 of all 21 questions in component 1 as suggested. They were established by confirmatory with statistically significant (p\<0.001) of the factor model, by factor analysis, by scree plot, pathway analysis and fit with the original survey. The confirmatory factor index was 0.878, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) was 0.865, Goodness of fit index (GFI) was 0.862 and Expected cross validation index (ECVI) 5.101. The collinearity of 21 questions was the auto-correlation was 0.010 with not statically significant (p=0.816). The majority of 21 question had Enjuone value had close to number 1, while 12 questions only had condition index more than 30. All 16 of the questions had the Variance inflation factor (VIF) less than 10 and had tolerance more than 0.1. Conclusion: The reliability and validity of the pharmacy research knowledge survey in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were high. The researcher can use it in the future with the same goal and acceptable sample size.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Pharmacy, Reliability, Research, Saudi Arabia, Survey, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2020.6.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Adel Sadeq} } @article {139, title = {Analysis of Antimicrobial Medication Consumption in Intensive Care Unit, North West (Tabuk) Region Hospitals, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {119-123}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Objectives: This article describes antimicrobial medication use among different age groups and the cost associated with it in intensive care units at North West (Tabuk) hospitals, Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study to explore the antimicrobial medication use in intensive care units at North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 12-month antimicrobial drug use by intensive care units at North West region hospitals which included critical care for adults, pediatrics and neonates. The medications selected by Central Antibiotics committee at MOH as part of the National Antimicrobial Stewardship program. The consumption was driven from pharmacy database and calculated based on off standard unit of antimicrobials per hospital. The antimicrobials consisted of antibacterial drugs, antifungal and antiviral medications. The cost of antimicrobial consumption was calculated by using the Ministry of Health National Cost database. All cost used were as US currency. Results: The total number of antimicrobial standard units were (14,305) and average (2,861) per hospital. The highest drug consumption was Ceftriaxone 1 gm injection (2724) followed by Imipenem 500 mg injection (1251) and Vancomycin 500 injection (1165). The total cost of Antimicrobial consumption was (53,884.95 USD) and (10,777 USD) per each hospital. The highest cost medication consumption from Adults critical care 73.42\% (39,562.33 USD) followed by pediatrics critical care 18.15\% (9,779.93 USD) and Neonates critical care 8.43\% (4,542.68 USD). The highest medication cost was very broad-spectrum antibiotics like Meropenem, Imipenem and Ceftriaxone. It consumed more than 50\% of the cost burden. Conclusion: This study is the first in Saudi Arabia, Gulf and Middle East countries. Health system pharmacist leaders are targeting to implement the antimicrobial stewardship program and National Drug Utilization Evaluation system to control unnecessary medication expenditure and prevent misuse of medicines.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Medications, Ministry of Health, Patient, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Ghormallah Abdullah Alghamdi and Samira Ali Asiri} }