@article {130, title = {Antipsychotic medication therapy during the holy month of Ramadan: a literature review}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {79-83}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

Objectives: To review the antipsychotic medication therapy during the holy month of Ramadan. Methods: In this study, we performed an extensive search of 50 databases through the Saudi Digital Library search engine. We included meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies published in English language in May 2017. The search terms included Ramadan, fasting, medication, therapy, type of disease, and medication based on therapeutic class. The search on antipsychotic and anti-epileptic medication list and switch from regular days to Ramadan days included comparative safety, efficacy and cost of type of medication for each disease and national or international evidencebased guidelines including those switching short half-life to long half-life drugs. All nonoral dosage form of medication will be excluded in this study. All medications should be documented in the Ministry of Health drug formulary. Results: A total of 710 studies were shortlisted after an extensive search with specific terms. Of those, 104 studies were duplicate studies; therefore only 606 studies were included for further evaluation. The evaluation revealed that 27 studies discussed about the antipsychotic medications and Ramadan. Of these, only five were appropriate for further revision. According to our results, most of the studies were observational studies and a few have conducted experimental design studies. Three studies have a shared or similar study design (i.e., reports). Among all the reports analyzed in this study, most of them used study design. On the contrary, three studies mentioned the utilization of a descriptive approach; however, none of the studies mentioned the exact type of descriptive analysis conducted. One study was a clinical review and another study mentioned the applicability of a randomized controlled trial. Based on this, the authors suggested switching the antipsychotic and anti-epileptic medication from regular days to Ramadan days. Conclusion: There are no randomized clinical trials in the literature to validate the switching of medication from regular to Ramadan days. A list of antipsychotic medications that can be used to switch during Ramadan is highly warranted. Further studies to validate the medication used to treat psychiatric conditions during the holy month of Ramadan is recommended.

}, keywords = {Antipsychotic, Medication, Ramadan, Review, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Jude Alhowaidi and Raneem Alzeer and Ali Alhowaidi and Nora Alhowaidi} } @article {128, title = {Cardiovascular medication therapy during the holy month of Ramadan: a literature review}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {69-74}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {69}, abstract = {

Objectives: To review cardiovascular medication therapy during the Holy month of Ramadan. Methods: In this study, we performed an extensive search of 50 databases through the Saudi Digital Library search engine. We included meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies published in English language in May 2017. The search terms included Ramadan, fasting, medication, therapy, type of disease and medication based on therapeutic class. The list of cardiovascular medications and switch from regular days to Ramadan days based on literature revealed that{\textquoteright}s included comparative safety studies, efficacy and cost of type of medication for each disease studies and national or international evidence-based guidelines of switching short half-life to long half-life. All parenteral dosage form of medication were excluded from this study. All medications should be listed in the Ministry of Health drug formulary. Results: A total of 710 studies were obtained after an extensive search with specific terms. Of those, 104 studies were duplicate studies and 606 studies were included for further evaluation. The evaluation revealed that there were 30 studies published on cardiovascular medications and Ramadan. Seven studies were further evaluated. The authors recommend to have a list of cardiovascular medications that can be switched from regular days to Ramadan days. Conclusion: There were very studies about cardiovascular medications use during the holy month of Ramadan. Suggested usage of the frequency administration single or twice daily is required during fasting. Future investigations of cardiovascular medication intake during Ramadan is highly recommended in Muslim countries.

}, keywords = {Cardiovascular, Medication, Review, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar} } @article {146, title = {Cost Analysis of Delivery Adult Medication Therapy Services at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S1-S3}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S1}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the cost analysis of drug delivery therapy services for adults{\textquoteright} population at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia by using American Model with local cost. Methods: It is a cross-sectional 6-months analysis of drug distribution services for adult patients conducted in 2016. It was at 300-bed maternity and pediatrics hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The cost calculated adults drug therapy management services delivered to 144 beds. The physician prescribed the medications. The pharmacist reviewed and prepared drugs and distributed through the unit dose system, floor stock distribution and discharge medication services. The fast-moving oral and topical medications were included in the study. The cost model was calculated based on variable expenses including personal cost, material and supply cost. The fixed cost was including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All cost was used of US dollar currency and local prices. Results: The estimated cost of drug delivery therapy services for all total number adults{\textquoteright} beds per day was (1,191.965 USD). It contained three types; the unit dose system (761.35 USD), drug floor stock distribution system (334.99 USD) and discharge medication system (95.62 USD). The cost of delivery of medicines to single bed per day was (13.99 USD) with the highest estimated cost of delivery from discharge medication (6.37 USD), followed by unit dose services (5.29 USD) and floor stock therapy (2.33 USD). The total estimated annual expenditures of drug distribution services were (435,067.15 USD). Conclusion: In this adults medication therapy services cost-estimation the first study was conducted at MOH in Saudi Arabia. It is an essential necessary element of the Pharmacoeconomic program and implements Saudi{\textquoteright}s future vision 2030 for drug therapy health care services.

}, keywords = {Adult, Cost, Delivery, Distrubution, Medication, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Services, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.28}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Tahani Alotaibi} } @article {150, title = {Cost of Pediatrics Drug Therapy Services at Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {S9-S11}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {S9}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the estimation cost of delivery drug therapy services for pediatrics by using American Model with local cost in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a cross-sectional 6-months analysis of drug distribution services for pediatric conducted in 2016. It was at 300-bed maternity and pediatrics Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The cost was calculated pediatrics drug therapy management services delivered to 55 beds. The physician prescribed the medications. The pharmacist reviewed and prepared drugs and distributed through unit dose system, floor stock distribution and discharge medications services. The medications were prepared through ASHP standards and facilities. The fast moving oral and topical medications were included in the study. The cost model was calculated based on variable expenses including personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed cost was including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All cost was used of US dollar currency and local prices. Results: The estimated cost of delivery of drug therapy services for all total number pediatrics beds per day was (1,214.68 USD). It consisted of three types; the unit dose system (771.89 USD), drug floor stock distribution system (350.32 USD) and discharge medication services (92.47 USD). The majority of cost came from overhead cost in floor stock services and discharge medication delivery; compared to the personal cost in unit dose services delivery. The total estimated annual expenditures of Drug distribution services were (443,358.20 USD). The highest budget expenditures from unit dose services 63.55\% (281,739.85 USD), followed by floor stock medication delivery 28.84\% (127,866.80 USD) and discharge drug therapy 7.61\% (33,751.55 USD). Conclusion: The estimation cost of delivery pediatrics drug therapy is the first study in the Middle East, Gulf countries and Saudi Arabia. It is basic element of cost calculation of pediatrics-related health care services.

}, keywords = {Cost, Drug, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Services, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.30}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Tahani Alotaibi and Awatif Faraj Alshammari and Nouf Alhaze} } @article {129, title = {Drug therapy for chronic diseases during the holy month of Ramadan: a literature review}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {75-78}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to review the drug therapy for chronic diseases during the holy month of Ramadan. Methods: In this study, we conducted an extensive search of 50 databases through the Saudi Digital Library search engine. We included meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies published in English language in May 2017. The search terms included Ramadan, fasting, medication, therapy, type of disease, and medication based on therapeutic class. Medication list related to the gastrointestinal tract diseases, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis and the switch from regular days to Ramadan days revealed comparative safety, efficacy studies, cost of type of medication for each disease studies and national or international evidence based guidelines of switching short halflife to long half-life. All parenteral dosage form of medication were excluded from the analysis. All medications should be listed in the MOH drug formulary. Results: A total of 710 studies were obtained after an extensive search with specific terms. Of those, 104 studies were duplicate studies and 606 studies were included for further evaluation. The evaluation revealed that 27 studies investigated medications related to the gastrointestinal diseases and Ramadan and 15 studies were about medicines for asthma and rheumatoid arthritis and Ramadan. Of those 42 studies of Ramadan and chronic diseases, only 5 studies were found to be appropriate for further evaluation. The suggested draft of list of medications of chronic diseases from regular days to the Ramadan days is explored in the review. Conclusion: The guidelines medications of chronic disease (Asthma, RA, GIT disease) intake during the holy month of Ramadan is not found. The studies of drug schedules in Ramadan does not exist. The investigations about medications therapy of chronic disease are highly recommended in Muslim countries.

}, keywords = {Chronic diseases, Drug, Literature, Ramadan, Review, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ban Abdullah Aldosary and Nasser Faleh Aldawas and Rana Mohammed Alslim} } @article {126, title = {Medication therapy during the holy month of Ramadan}, journal = {Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {56-64}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the switching of oral drug therapy from regular days to the Ramadan days. Methods: We performed extensive search on 50 databases. Studies such as meta-analysis, randomized controlled studies and observational studies published in English language with human participants during the month of May 2017 were included in this study. The search terms included {\textquotedblleft}Ramadan, fasting and medication,{\textquotedblright} {\textquotedblleft}Therapy and type of disease,{\textquotedblright} or {\textquotedblleft}Medication based on therapeutics class.{\textquotedblright} The medication list used to switch the medications from regular days to Ramadan days. It was based on best literature found. The literature included the comparative safety and efficacy studies and cost of type of medication for each disease studies and national or international evidence-based guidelines of switching short half-life medications to long half-life. The medication list included drug name, general dosing and frequency of administration during regular and Ramadan days. All medications should be registered at the Ministry of Health (MOH) drug formulary or registered in the Saudi Food and Drug Authority. Results: A total of 710 were shortlisted based on the extensive search with specific terms. Of those, 104 were duplicate studies and therefore were omitted from further analysis. A total of 606 studies were unique and were further evaluated. Ninety-two studies discussed about medications related to diabetes mellitus and Ramadan; 27 studies discussed about the anti-psychiatric medications and Ramadan; 27 studies investigated gastrointestinal medications and Ramadan; 30 studies discussed about the various antibiotics and Ramadan; 30 studies discussed about the cardiovascular medications and Ramadan; 15 studies discussed about the medications for asthma and rheumatoid arthritis and Ramadan; and finally, 402 studies discussed about other diseases and Ramadan. There were no randomized controlled studies regarding switching of drug dosing from regular days to Ramadan days. The suggested draft about switching of 171 drug therapy from regular to the holy month of Ramadan designed and registration status in the MOH formulary and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia based on the best available literature from common illnesses including cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases and psychiatric illness. Conclusion: The literature of drug therapy during Ramadan is seldom found and there is no randomized clinical trial to validate the usage of medication during Ramadan. This is the review of medication used for common diseases infectious diseases, cardiovascular system, psychiatry and gastrointestinal system during the holy month of Ramadan with the first suggestion draft of switch drug therapy from regular days to Ramadan days.

}, keywords = {Medication, Ramadan, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/PTB.2019.5.10}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Aljohara Abdullah Adouh and Meshael Ibrahim Alghuraibi} }